153. ¿Cómo se dice: I have a real bad toothache o I have a really bad toothache?

La utilización de real en lugar de really como adverbio de intensidad antes de adjetivos y adverbios se produce principalmente en el inglés americano y es considerado un uso informal:

Imagen 26 I have a real bad toothache. (USA, informal)

Imagen 26 I have a really bad toothache.

Imagen 26 Anne Scott played real well. (USA, informal)

Imagen 26 Anne Scott played really well.

Parece claro que en el inglés americano coloquial se usan adjetivos como adverbios más a menudo que en el inglés británico:

Imagen 28 Michael looked at me weird. (USA, informal)

Imagen 28 Charlie’s talking funny again. (USA, informal)

Dicho esto, hay que señalar que no se trata de un fenómeno nuevo o de un americanismo. Hasta el siglo XVIII, momento en el que los gramáticos empezaron a insistir en que los adverbios debían terminar en -ly, muchos adverbios adoptaban la misma forma que el adjetivo:

“Rejoice, and be exceeding glad”(Mateo 5:12, King James Bible, 1611).

“Old John of Gaunt is grievous sick” (Shakespeare, Ricardo II, acto I, escena 4).

La prueba de que no llegaron a conseguir su objetivo de sustituir todos los adverbios con forma de adjetivo por adverbios terminados en -ly queda ampliamente de manifiesto tanto en el inglés estándar americano como en el británico:

Celia got up bright and early.

Night, night! Sleep tight!

The doctors say that she’s doing fine.

He’s sound asleep and shouldn’t wake up until his next feed.

El resultado de ese fallido intento de estandarización ha sido que en todas las variantes del inglés existen algunas palabras corrientes que ahora tienen dos formas adverbiales: una con -ly y otra que comparte la forma del adjetivo. En algunos casos existe una diferencia de uso o de significado:

I’ll see you at five o’clock sharp (aquí sharp significa ‘puntual’).

Unemployment has risen sharply (aquí sharply significa ‘dramáticamente’).

She threw it as high as she could (aquí high hace referencia a la altura).

I’d highly recommend the new Thai place on Jameson Street (en esta, highly significa ‘mucho’).

Otros adverbios tienen una forma -ly en el inglés coloquial —tanto americano como británico— que no suele utilizarse cuando el adverbio se coloca después del verbo, pero que se usa normalmente cuando se sitúa en otros lugares de la oración:

Don’t play your music so loud / loudly.

He loudly complained about how long he’d been kept waiting.

Come quick / quickly! You have to see this.

They quickly gathered their things together.

Go slow! (se trata de una señal de carretera: slowly sonaría raro).

The days passed slowly, but eventually, the big day arrived.

Y otras palabras adoptan la misma forma cuando funcionan como adjetivo y cuando funcionan como adverbio:

Can you walk in a straight line?

I came straight here.

A la luz de este lío histórico tan complejo, parece raro pensar que expresiones como Think positive! o Drive Safe! son incorrectas o, simplemente, descartarlas por considerarlas vulgares americanismos, como tienden a hacer muchos británicos.

PARA SABER MÁS

Sobre la diferencia entre hard y hardly, o late y lately160.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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