8. Entonces, ¿qué es el Queen’s English?

La expresión the Queen’s English, que se utiliza desde que accedió al trono la reina Isabel II, hace referencia a esa idea de un inglés estándar que sería el que habla y escribe la gente culta. El Queen’s English no se refiere al inglés que habla la reina Isabel, aunque el lenguaje que esta utiliza en sus discursos probablemente sería considerado un buen ejemplo del mismo. Sin embargo, algo así no se puede afirmar con absoluta certeza, porque no existe un documento ni un organismo oficial que haya especificado jamás qué es exactamente el Queen’s English, dando lugar a que se considere un estándar muy subjetivo y, por tanto, cuestionable. Tal vez por eso no es de extrañar que los língüistas no suelan utilizarlo.

La idea del Queen’s English está intrínsecamente ligada a la de Received Pronunciation (conocido como RP). De hecho, ambas expresiones se utilizan a menudo de forma indistinta. Aunque algunas veces se lo define como el acento estándar del sur de Inglaterra, la Received Pronunciation no es un acento en el sentido normal de la palabra; se trata de un acento de clase, más que de un acento regional, que se desarrolló de manera artificial cuando los diccionarios empezaron a recomendar una determinada forma de pronunciación a finales del siglo XVIII. A partir del siglo XIX, la RP se enseñaba y se aprendía en los colegios privados y en las clases de elocución, lo que le confería prestigio social: uno debía tener dinero y/o pertenecer a una “familia bien” para conseguir un acento RP. En una sociedad que tiene tan en cuenta las clases sociales, aquellos que no hablaban con acento RP comenzaron a verse excluidos de ciertas profesiones y círculos sociales, como se refleja en Pygmalion, la obra teatral de George Bernard Shaw, y en My Fair Lady, su adaptación al musical.

El estatus social de la pronunciación RP se vio confirmado cuando la recién inaugurada BBC la adoptó para todas sus emisiones serias —los acentos regionales se podían oír en espacios de comedia—, en los años veinte. Aunque esa postura, junto con la actitud de la sociedad en general, empezó a flexibilizarse a finales de los años cincuenta, la expresión BBC English, al igual que la de Queen’s English, todavía se suele equiparar con la pronunciación RP. Actualmente, en la BBC se puede oír una gran variedad de acentos, aunque no tanto entre los presentadores de noticias, que tienden a utilizar un tono bastante neutro y anodino. Tanto en la BBC como en el país en general, la RP cada vez se oye menos. Está claro que incluso en su núcleo tradicional del sur de Inglaterra, en torno a Londres, lo que actualmente se oye mucho más es el Estuary English (‘inglés del estuario [del Támesis]’): una mezcla de RP con el —más vivaz y animado— acento cockney.

La transcripción fonética que utilizan los diccionarios para indicar cómo se pronuncian las palabras sigue estando basada —casi siempre— en la RP, lo cual parece una buena solución intermedia. En la práctica, pocos británicos pronunciarán todas las palabras exactamente como allí se recomienda, pero al menos no se favorece a ningún grupo concreto sobre los demás; y, por otra parte, a los estudiantes de inglés se les proporciona una fuente de referencia más que razonable.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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