77. ¿Cuáles son, en inglés, los seven deadly sins?

La lista generalmente aceptada es lust, gluttony, greed, sloth, wrath, envy y pride. La lista paralela de las virtudes es chastity, temperance, charity, diligence, patience, kindness y humility. El listado de pecados capitales apareció en el siglo IV. Se escribieron en griego y se tradujeron al latín. Dado que el propósito de hablar de los pecados era definir y enseñar un sistema de ética cristiana, estas palabras tienen matices morales muy concretos. A menudo existe un sinónimo menos moralista como alternativa: desire en lugar de lust o laziness en lugar de sloth, por ejemplo. El término chastity, por el contrario, tiene un estrecho vínculo con sistemas sociales anticuados y patriarcales de modo que no tiene un sinónimo menos crítico y apenas se usa. El sustantivo temperance no resulta excesivamente tendencioso, aunque se tiende a asociarlo con grupos religiosos o sociales que tienen como objetivo inculcar en las comunidades más pobres la depravación moral que causa el alcohol. Pride es probablemente el pecado cuyo significado depende de manera más estrecha del contexto, ya que suele utilizarse asociado a un significado muy positivo. Hubris es un equivalente claramente negativo que se usa a veces con el sentido de ‘arrogancia’:

The way the educators of Catholic children have interpreted purity for nearly two thousand years is sexual chastity. (Marina Warner, Alone of all her Sex)

William King believed the prohibition of alcohol would lead to temperance, and consequently, an improvement in the nation’s moral character.

He was so confident about his abilities but they fired him! Well, as they say – pride comes before a fall.

I have such pride in what we achieved here today by reaching an agreement to prevent an armed conflict.

A pesar de que wrath se pueda definir como anger, no son exactamente lo mismo. Alguien puede estar enfadado con una injusticia o por una deslealtad y su anger estará, por tanto, moralmente justificada. Wrath es un castigo retributivo, no controlado, ira vengativa sin posibilidad de perdón:

Those who had been Nazi informers were subjected to the wrath of their neighbours and many of them were summarily executed.

Just wait until I see him! After what happened he’s going to feel my wrath.

En algunas versiones de la lista de pecados, greed se sustituye por avarice. Esto es útil para distinguirlo de gluttony, ya que ambos sustantivos se refieren al consumo de alimentos. Greed re refiere a un deseo intenso y egoísta de tener algo, como poder, dinero, o incluso comida. La palabra gluttony apenas se usa, aunque el nombre que se emplea para referirse a un individuo —glutton— aparece en la expresión a glutton for punishment, con el significado de ‘alguien que parece provocar o disfrutar con tareas o experiencias difíciles o desagradables’:

You’re going to do another online degree? Isn’t that the third one? Goodness, you’re a glutton for punishment.

En algunas versiones más antiguas de este listado se usaba sadness en lugar de envy. Esta opción parece deberse al hecho de que la palabra griega original para definir la envidia lleva implícito un sentimiento de tristeza por la felicidad de otros, de modo que era una traducción incompleta.

Los siete pecados capitales son una referencia frecuente en el arte, la literatura y la cultura. Forman parte de la Divina Commedia de Dante, los Tales de Chaucer y The Seven Deadly Sins de Brecht, y han sido fuente de inspiración para la película de detectives Seven (Se7en) y un especial de Halloween de Los Simpson.

Las 500 dudas más frecuentes del inglés
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