Index
Dates are of birth and death except for kings and popes, where they are of the reign. A single date indicates a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment.
cathedral, 154
Abaqa, Khan (1265), 664
Abbate, Niccolo dell’ (c. 1512–71), 823, 826, 829
Abbeville, France, 58
church of St. Wulfram (1480), 96
Abd-er-Rahman, Sa’di (1596–1656), 695
Abélard, Peter (1079–1142), 5, 246, 250
Aberdeen, Scotland, university, 236, 603
Abrabanel, Isaac (1437–1508), 207, 217, 261, 741–742
Abrabanel, Judah Leon (d. 1535), 742
Abrabanel, Samuel (1473–1550), 742
absentee landlordism, 569
absolution, 22
absolutism, 255, 448, 571, 579, 718, 882, 924
Abu-Abd-Allahi, “Az-Zaghral” (1480), 203
Abu-al-Fida (1273–1331), 689–690
Abu-al Hasan of Granada (1480), 202–203
Abu Sa’id (Timurid Sultan: 1452–69), 666, 676
Abulafia, Samuel (d. 1360), 200
academy of scholars, 90
Acarnania, 179
Accusation, Act of (1529), 544
acrobats, 114
Acta Pauli, 924
Acuña, Antonio de (1520), 638
Adagiorum, Collectanea (Erasmus), 273–274, 275, 805
Adamites, sect, 72
Aden, 195
Adolf of Nassau (1462), 159, 331
Adoration of the Lamb, The (van Eyck), 131, 132*
Adret, Solomon ben Abraham ben (1235–1310), 742, 744, 745
Adrian VI, Pope (1522–23), 275–276, 285, 291, 357, 360, 380, 434, 440, 624, 625, 638, 918
Adrianople, 63, 179, 182, 186, 680
adulteration, 304
adultery, 70, 72, 112, 471, 474, 496, 529, 712, 762
Aegean, Turkish control, 299
Aeneas Sylvius, see Pius II
Aetolia, 179
Affonso IV, King of Portugal (1325–57), 191
Affonso V, King of Portugal (1438–81), 205, 259
Africa, Moslem, 203
Africa, West, 664
Africae, Descriptio (Leo Africanus), 864
age, expectation (1340), 39
Agenois, France, 68
Agincourt, battle of (1415), 70, 106
Agobard of Lyons, Saint (779–840), 232
Agricola, Alexander (1446?–1506), 771
Agricola, Georg (1494–1555), 752–753, 864;
De natura fossilium, 864;
Agricola, Rudolphus (1443–85), 129, 321
agriculture, 14, 38, 90, 269, 572
Agrippa, Henry Cornelius (1487–1535), 852–855, 876
Occult Philosophy, 853
On the Uncertainty of the Sciences, 854
Ahmad ibn Uways Jala’ir, Sultan (1382–93; 1405–9), 673
Ahmad Pasha (d. 1496), 682
Ahmedi of Sivas (c. 1334–1413), Alexander, Book of, 682
Aiguesmortes, 60
Ailly, Pierre d’ (1350–1420), 73, 240
Imago mundi, 259
Aix, Germany, 305
Aix-en-Provence, France, 76, 505, 508
Alama, Morocco, 202
Albert II, Holy Roman Emperor (1438–40), 152
Albert III, Duke of Saxony (1464–85), 339*
Albert of Saxony (1364), 241
Albertus Magnus (1193?–1280), 246, 255
Albo, Joseph (d. 1444), Fundamental Principles, 746
Albrecht, Count of Hohenlohe (1525), 388
Albrecht (Albert), Duke of Prussia (1490–1568), 412, 439, 628
Albrecht Alcibiades (1522–57), 455
Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz (1490–1545), 320, 327, 338, 341, 356, 389, 440
Albret, Henri d’ (1503–55), 498, 507
Albret, Jeanne d’ (1528–72), 498, 761
Albuquerque, Affonso de (1453–1515), 195, 707
Alcalá, Spain, University, 225, 228, 237
Alcuin (735–804), 225
Aldine press, 784
Aleander, Jerome (1480–1542), 332, 354, 356, 358, 360, 362–363, 430, 431, 432, 444, 445, 897, 898
quoted, 359
Alençon, Charles, Duke of (1489–1525), 509
Alençon, French acquisition, 92
Aleppo, 673
Alexander III, Pope (1159–81), 6
Alexander V, anti-pope (1409–10), 9
Alexander VI, Pope (1492–1503), 13, 14, 19, 92, 94, 95, 124, 199, 213, 215, 219, 264, 332, 340, 416, 653, 722
Alexander, Great Prince of Lithuania (1500), 653
Alexander, Book of (Nizami), 682
Alexandrovsk, Russia, 657, 658
Alexis, St., Metropolitan of Moscow (ft. 1354–70), 649
Alfonso V, King of Aragon (1385–1458), 93
Alfonso X, King of Castile and León (1252–84), 771
Alfonso XI, King of Castile (1312–50), 197, 200
Alfonso I, the Magnanimous, King of Naples (1443–58), 132
Ali-Shah (1312), 666
Aljubarrota, Portugal, 192
Allgemeine, commons, 293
Almagest (Ptolemy), 239
al-Malik al Nasiz (1381–99), 673, 676
Almanach perpetuum (Zacuto), 743
almanacs, astrological predictions, 850
Almería, Granada, 201
alphabet, French, 885
Altas, Ribas (d. 1488), 217
Altdorfer, Albrecht (1480–1538), 833, 836
Battle of Arbela (Munich) 836
Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Berlin) 836
St. George (Munich), 836
Alva, Fernando Alvarez, Duke of (1508–1583). 453, 522, 923
Alvarado, Pedro de (1495?–1541), 865
Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy (1383–1451) see Felix V
Amadís da Gauia (Lobeira), 100, 192, 224–225, 905
Amazon river, 269
Amberger, Christopher (1500–61), 836
Charles V (Lille Museum), 836
Portrait of a Man (Chicago). 836
Amboise, Charles d’ (1473), 97, 98
Amboise, Georges d’ (1460–1510), 95, 96, 97, 98
Amboise, 492
Amboise, School of, 98
Amen, Jakob, 401*
Àmerbach, Bonifacius (1496?–1562), 432
Amerbach, Hans (1444–1513), 159, 432
America: Declaration of Independence, 255;
discoveries, first history of, 225
discovery, 16, 194, 261–268, 332
America, South, see South America
America, Spanish, 216, 864, 924
Amir Husein, 672
Amish Mennonites, 402*
amoralism, 322
Amours (Ronsard), 809
Amsdorf, Nicholas von (1483–1565), 393
Amsterdam, Holland, 144, 400, 475, 633, 736
Amurath, see Murad
Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 499, 791, 805
Anabaptists, 229, 294, 370, 395–402, 410, 421, 423, 424, 435, 442, 445, 461, 480, 580, 584, 597, 600, 614, 633, 635, 786, 813
anatomy, 243
Ancona, Italy, 705
Ancrum Moor, Scotland, battle (1545), 577
Andalusia, 227
Andelot, François d’, 521
Andreae, Laurentius (1482–1552), 625
Andreae, Valentin (1586–1654), quoted, 476
Andrew III, King of Hungary (1290–1301), 184
Andronicus II (1260–1332), 175
Anet, France, Brézé mansion, 520
Angela, Saint (1470–1540), 900
Angelus, 90
Anghiera, Pietro Martire d’ see Peter Martyr
Anglican Articles of Religion, 787
Anglican Church, 547, 548, 579, 590
Anglo-Saxon, evolution into English, 45
Ango, Robert (1493), 96
Angoumois, 68
Duke of Anhalt Rug, 702
animalium, Historia (Gesner), 868
animals, trials and executions, 72
Anjou, duchy, 58, 92, 491, 510
Anjou, Duke of, see Louis I
annates, 7, 11, 215, 546, 547, 561
Anne, wife of Ferdinand I (1521), 301
Anne de Pisselieu (1508–80), 492, 512, 520, 825
Anne of Beaujeu (1460–1522), 93, 98
Anne of pahemia, Queen of England (1382–94), 56, 163
Anne of Brittany, Queen of France (1491–1514), 93, 95, 491
Anne of Cleves (1515–57), 575
Antichrist, 34, 148, 164, 328, 345, 439, 471
anticlericalism, 30, 31, 32, 115, 153, 332, 345, 544, 556, 605
anti-Semitism, 198, 290, 422, 727
Antoine de Bourbon, 521
Antwerp, Belgium, 58, 136, 299, 475, 631–632, 633, 635, 754
Cathedral (1352–1474), 130, 136
St. Jacques Church, 136
town hall, 846
Apelles (4th century B.C.), 315
Apian, Peter (1501–52), 866–867
Apollonius of Perga (3rd Century B.C.), Conies, 849
Apologie pour Herodote (Étienne), 785
Apostolic Church, 169
Appeals, Statute of (1533), 547
Appenzell, Switzerland, 396, 403, 410
aqueduct, “Forty Arches,” 716
Aquinas, Thomas (1225–74), 241, 246, 247, 250, 254, 255, 745, 757, 929
Summa Theologica, 929
Arabia, 681
Aragon, 197, 205, 214, 215, 224
Arboga, Sweden, 146
Arch-Wisdom, The (Paracelsus), 876
Archeteles (Zwingli), 406
Archimedes (287?–212 B.C.), 848, 856
architects, German, 306
architecture: civil 79–80, 826, 846
domestic, 306
ecclesiastical, 79, 96, 154–155, 220–221, 236, 306, 649, 660, 822, 838
Germany, 835
Italian influence, 96–97
Moslem Persian, 685
Saracenic, 221
Spain, 220–221
Architecture, Treatise on (Delorme), 828
Architettura, Opere di (Serlio), 826
Arcimboldo, Giovanni, 627
Arctic, 652
Aretino, Pietro (1492–1556), 760, 893
Argentina, 865
Argyropoulos, Johannes (1416?-?1486), 123, 323
Arians, 584
Aristarchus of Samos (310–230 B.C.), 856, 860
Aristotelians, 176
Aristotelicae animadversiones (Ramus), 884
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 117, 193, 226, 238, 241, 246, 247, 248, 370, 744, 745, 746, 867, 883–884
Arithmetica integra (Stifel), 855
Arkhangelsk, 655
Armagnac, France, 58
Armagnac party, 126
Armenia, 673
Armleder, peasants, 730
armor, 688
arms equipment, Ï82, 709
army, first standing, in Europe (1439), 88
Arneys, Antoine, 482
Arnold of Brescia (1100?-1155), 25
Arnouillet, Balthasar (1553), 481
Arran, James Stewart, Earl of (id. 1596), 606
Arras, Flanders, 92, 96, 136, 233
arrows, 671
art: Asiatic Islam, 684–688
baroque, 932
Burgundy, 130–134
Catholicism, 894–895
Chinese, 687
Gothic, 821
Greece, 177
Hebraeo-Moorish, 200
hieratic style, 177
Italian influence, 80, 98, 137
Italy, 313
Moorish influence, 222
Persia, 700
Poland, 173–174
pre-Christian, 16
realistic, 156
Serbian, 179
art crafts, Germany, 835
Artevelde, Jacob van (1290?-1345), 62–63
arthritis, gold cure, 231
Arthur, son of Henry VII (1487–1502), 535
artillery, 63
artists, German, 306
Arundel, Richard, Earl of (1346–97), 56, 57
Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop (1353–1414), 115, 533
asceticism, 199
Ascham, Roger (1515–68), 761
Asher, Jakob ben (1270–1349), 738–739
Asia Minor, 181, 663, 673, 678, 710
Aske, Richard, 566
Askew, Anne, 577
Assertion of the Seven Sacraments against
Martin Luther (Henry VIII), 532
Astorga, Spain, 221
Astrakhan, Russia, 655, 660, 673
astrology, 73–74, 230–231, 234, 239, 240, 255, 420, 477, 850–851
astronomical physics, 241
astronomical tables, 743
astronomy, 230, 238, 239, 240, 241, 420, 676, 689, 743, 744, 855
Copernican, 849
heliocentric. 856–857, 862, 863
atheism, 328, 371, 395, 881, 939
Atlansee, publishers, 427
Atlantic ocean, no, 240, 259, 299, 867
Audit, French Bureau of, 238
Audley, Thomas (1488–1544), 547
Augenspiegel (Reuchlin), 324
Augmentations, Court of, 564
Augsburg, Germany, 144, 156, 159, 269, 295, 297, 298, 299, 300, 397, 381, 412, 424, 439, 454, 787
Confession (1530), 424, 443, 446, 456
Diet (1525), 3921 (1530), 442
(1547), 455
(1555), 456
Fugger chapel, 306
Fuggerei, 296*
Recess (1530), 444
Augustine, St. (354–430), 246, 375, 465
Augustinians, 19, 275, 329, 633
Wittenberg Congregation disbanded, 366
Augustus, Elector of Saxony (1553–86), 456
Aunis, 68
auricular confession, 35, 37, 376, 376*
Austerlitz, 398
Austin Canons, 899
Austria, 143, 147, 148, 188, 389, 706
German empire, separation, 300
peasant revolt (1525–26), 392
Swiss Catholic cantons alliance, 411
Austro-Hungarian Empire, 188
authors, payment, 157
auto-da-fé, 212, 213, 214, 215, 217, 640
Auvergne, France, 58
Auxerre, France, cathedral (1335), 79
Avalos, Costanza d’ (1520), 893
Avalos, Fernando, Marquis of Pescara (1489–1525), 508
Averroës, ibn Rushd (1126–98), 249, 255, 744, 745
Averroistic skepticism, 252
Avicenna (980–1037), 873
Kanun, 869
Avignon, France, Holy See, 6, 8, 148, 149, 332
Ávila, Spain, church of Santo Tomás, 846
Axiomata Erasmi (Erasmus), 430
Ayesha, Sultana, 202
Azerbaijan, 672, 673, 698, 700
Aztec Empire, 865
Baalbeck, 673
Babur, Zahir ud-Din Muhammad (1483–1530; emperor of India 1526–30), 676
Babylonian Captivity of the Church, The (Luther), 359
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 772, 778
Backoffen, Hans (c. 1465–1519), 306
Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 45, 108, 251, 713, 838, 869, 915, 939
Bacon, Roger (1214?-94), 251
Badby, John (1410), 116
Baden-Baden, Germany, 302
Badia, Tommaso, 897
Baghdad, 663, 664, 673, 698, 700, 713
Baïf, Antoine de (1532–89), 808
Bainham, James (d. 1532), 549
Baisunkur Mirza, 687
Bajazet I, Sultar (1380–1402), 180-181, 185, 673, 674, 680, 712
quoted, 679
Bajazet II, Sultan (1481–1512), 680–681, 682, 686, 736
Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de (1475–1517), 269
Balkans, 178–181, 182, 183, 186, 679, 680, 709
Ball, John (d. 1381), 36, 40–41, 42, 45, 47
Balliol, Edward (1333–57), 604
Balmes, Abraham de (d. 1524), 741
Baltic Sea, 144, 178, 299, 629, 656
Bamberg, Germany, 147, 153, 389, 393
bank deposits, guaranteed, 198
Bannockburn, Scotland, battle (1314), 27, 604
baptism, 366, 376, 395, 396, 480
Baqi, Mahmud Abdu’l (1526–1600), 714
quoted, 714–715
Barbari, Jacopo de’ (1440?-?1516), 313
barbarians, 766
Barbarossa I, Horush (1473?-1518), 696
Barbarossa II, Khair ed-Din (1466?-1546), 514, 515, 516, 696–698
Barbarossa, Frederick, see Frederick I
barber surgeons, 243–244, 869, 874
Barcelona, Spain, 197, 198, 218, 224
cathedral, 220–221
Barcelona, Treaty of (1529), 540
Barclay, Alexander (1475?-1552), 812*
Barefoot Friars, 384
Barnabites, 900
Barnet, England, 107
Barquq al-Zahir, Sultan (1390–1412), 677, 690
Barros, Joāo de (1496–1570), 815
Barton, Elizabeth (1506?-34), 547, 557
Basel, Switzerland, 147, 154, 156, 159, 396, 403, 410, 432, 436
Council, 11, 12, 22, 170, 411, 729, 841, 927, 928, 930
university, 786
Basques, 197
Batalha, Portugal, Santa Maria da Victoria church, 192
Bath, England, 118
Bath of Blood, Stockholm, 622, 624
bathing, 198, 244, 302, 648, 665, 712, 768
Batt, James (1500), 274
Battles of the Lord (ben Gerson), 745
Batu Khan (d. 1255), 647
Baudricourt, Captain (1429), 82
Baumgartner, Franz, 297
Baumgärtner, Hieronymus, (1526), 439
Bavaria, Germany, 147, 389, 455
Bayard, Pierre Terrail, Chevalier de (1473?-1524), 94, 205, 506–507, 508
Bayer, Christian, 443
Bayle, Pierre (1647–1706’), 50.
Beaton, David, Cardinal (1494–1546), 603, 605, 606, 607, 608
Beaton, James, Archbishop (1470?–1539) 607
Beatrice of Aragon (1476), 188
Beatriz, Queen of Portugal (1383), 191–192
Beauchamp, Richard de (1382–1439), 119, 121
Beaufort, France, 492
Beaugency, France, 84
Beaune, France, hospital (1443), 80, 134
Beauneveû, André (fl. 1360–1403), 80
Cathedral (1500–48), 96, 822, 829
Beauval, Firmin de (1344), 238
Bedford, Duke of, see John of Lancaster
Begardi, Philip, 852
beggars, 39, 72, 474, 572, 582
“Beggars, The Supplication of the,” 543
Beghards (lay group), 128, 169, 382, 396
Beguines (lay group), 128
Behaim, Martin (1459?-?1507), 240
Beham, Ottilie, 813
Belem, Portugal, monastery of Santa Maria, 196, 846
Belgrade, Hungary, 179, 185, 186, 441, 703
Bellay, Guillaume du (1491–1543), 504, 798
Bellay, Jean du (1492–1560), 544, 788, 797, 798
Bellay, Joachim du (1522–60), 501, 808, 809, 815, 826
Défense et illustration de la langue françoyse, 809
Belle dame sans merci, La (Chartier), 77
Belleau, Remy (1528–77), 808
Bellini, Gentile (1429?-1507), 686, 687, 715
Bellinzona, Switzerland, 403
Belloc, Hilaire (1870–1953), 603
bells, casting, 156
Belon, Pierre (1517–64), 868
Bembo, Pietro (1470–1547), 470, 896
Benedetto da Maiano (1442–97), 188
Benedict XII, Pope (1334–1342), 151, 730
Benedict XIII, anti-pope (1394–1423), 9, 10
Benedict XV, Pope (1914–22), 86
Benedictines, 20, 236, 329, 899
benefices, multiple, 19, 501, 545, 899
Berab, Jakob (1474–1546), 736, 737
Berbers, 198
Bergamo, Italy, 161
Berkeley, Sir Edward, 48
Berkeley, George (1685–1753), 251
Berlichingen, Götz von (1480–1562), 299, 387, 391
Berlin, Germany, 445
Bermejo, Bartolomé (d. 1498), 223
Bern, Switzerland, 146, 396, 403, 410, 467
Bernabei, Domenico (1495), 93, 823
Bernardino of Feltre (1439–94), 721
Bernardino of Siena, Saint (1380–1444), quoted, 16
Berners, John, Lord (1467–1533), 816
Bernini, Giovanni (1598–1680), 830
Berquin, Louis de (1489–1529), 503, 504
Berruguete, Alonso (c. 1480–1561), 845, 847, 848
Berruguete, Pedro (c. 1450–1504), 223, 845, 847, 848
Berry, Duke of, see Charles, Duke of Berry (1446–72)
John, Duke of Berry (1340–1416)
Berthelier, Philibert (1553), 483
Berthelot, Gilles (1521), 824
Bertinoro, Obadiah (1488), 720
Bessarion, Joannes (1403–72), 176
Beszterczebánya, Hungary, 189
betrothals, 112
Betti, Giovanni di Giusto (1485–1549), 830
Bèze, Théodore de (1519–1608), 472, 486–487, 488, 489, 614
Bibbiena, Bernardo (1470–1521), Calandra, 81
Bible: authenticity, 352, 370–371
Authorized Version (1611), 534
Complutensian Polyglot, 225
Great Bible, 571
Luther’s translation, 368–369
paramount authority, 349
text, interpreting, 366
translations, 36–37, 75, 124, 320, 368–369, 485, 486, 502, 533, 534, 556, 571, 625, 628, 630, 924
Vulgate, 225, 272, 283, 285, 320, 929
Biblia pauperum, 328
bibliolatry, 302
Bibliotheca Corvina, Buda, 189
Bibliotheca universalis (Gesner), 868
Bibliothèque Nationale, France, 68, 786
Bigorre, France, 68
Bihzad, Kamal al-Din (c. 1440–0. 1523), 682, 687–688, 699, 701
bills of exchange, 198
Bilney, Thomas (1495?-1531), 532, 549
biology, 867–869
Biscay, Bay of, 62
bishops, appointment, 547
bishops’ courts, 30
Black Death, 39, 64, 143, 144, 244, 250, 676, 689, 690, 724, 725, 730, 731, 739, 758
Black Prince, see Edward
Blackheath, London, 110
Blanche of Bourbon (d. 1361), 197
Blanche of Navarre, Queen of France (1331–1398), 65
Blandrata, Giorgio (1515?-?88), 488, 630
blasphemy, 206, 421, 474, 484, 503
Blast against the Monstrous Regiment of Women (Knox), 612–613
Bleda, friar, 220
block printing, 158
Blois, France, 58, 92, 102, chateau, 97, 496, 824
blood: pulmonary circulation, 480–481, 689, 872
purity of, 639
Blount, Elizabeth, 532
blue laws, 758
Boabdil, Moorish King of Granada (1482 s3, 1486–92), 202–203
Bobadilla, Francisco de (d. 1502), 265–266, 267
Bobadilla, Nicolas (1534), 910
Böblingen, Germany, 391
Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75), 48, 54, 224
Filostrato, 49
Teseide, 54
Boccadoro, Domenico Bernabei (d. 1549), 97
Bocher, Joan, 585
Boffi, Guillermo (1410), 221
Bohemia: chivalry, 161
civil war, 31
Diet of Electors, 147
German empire, separation, 300
German settlers, 169
Holy Roman Empire, 148
Hussite revolt, 153
racial hostility, 163
revolution (1415–36), 167–172
separation from papacy, 12
Bohier, Thomas (1513), 824
Böhm, Hans (1476), 293
Bojador, Africa, 193
Boleslav V, King of Poland (1227–79), 725
Boleyn, Anne (1507–36), 537–541, 543, 546, 547, 548, 556, 559, 587
Boleyn, Sir Thomas (1477–1539), 537, 560
Bolingbroke, Henry (1367–1413), see Henry IV of England
Bologna, Italy, 507
Bolsec, Jerome, 477
Bona, 698
Bonaparte, Joseph (1768–1844), 215*
Bonaventura, Giovanni di Fidanza (1221–74), 246
Bonfils, Immanuel (fl. 1350), 743
Bonfini, Antonio (1427–1502), 189
Boniface, Saint (680–755), 232
Boniface VIII, Pope (1294–1303), 6, 35, 149, 232, 376
Boniface IX, Pope (1389–1404), 9, 23
Boniface, Supplication du peuple de France au roi contre le pape (Dubois), 251
Bonner, Edmund (1500?-69), 580, 589, 590, 596, 597, 598–599
Bonnivard, François de (1496–1570), 467, 468, 469
Bonnivet, Guillaume de (c. 1488–1525), 494, 497, 498, 499, 508
Bontemps, Pierre (1505–68), 830
Book of Common Prayer, 615, 892
First, 580
Second, 585
Book of Kings (Firdausi), 687
burning, 324, 356–357, 363, 639, 739, 881, 924
Hebrew, suppression, 323–324
illustration, 309
index of prohibited, 424, 862, 863, 924
Luther’s, distribution, 368
magic, 231
Persia, 666
Bora, Catherine von, wife of Martin Luther (1499–1552), 407, 416–417
Cathedral (1320–5), 79
Borgia, Caesar, (1475–1507), 13, 95
Borgia, St. Francis (1510–72), 913–914
Borgia, Rodrigo, see Alexander VI
Borgognoni, Theodoric, 244
Borgoña, Felipe de (fl. 1505–35), 847
Borromeo, Charles (1538–84), 781, 896–897
Boscán, Juan (1493?-1542), 816
Bosch, Hieronymus (1450?-1516), 73, 140–141, 832
Adoration of the Magi (Madrid, New York), 140
Hay Ride (Escorial), 140
Nativity (Cologne), 140
Pleasures of the World (Escorial), 141
Temptations of St. Anthony (Lisbon, Cleveland), 140
Bosnia, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 186
Bosporus, 663
Boswell, James (1740–95), 318
Bosworth Field, battle (1485), 108
Boulogne, France, 577, 581, 583
Bourbon, Cardinal of, 91
Bourbon, France, 58
Bourdichon, Jean (1508), 99
Les heures d’Anne de Bretagne (1508), 93, 98
Bourg, Anne du, 521
Coeur house, 74
Bourré, Jean (1460), 97
Bouts, Dirk (Dierik: c, 1410–75), 136–137
Last Supper (St. Pierre, Louvain), 136
Martyrdom of St. Erasmus (St. Sauveur, Bruges), 137
Bowes, Mrs. Elizabeth, 609, 610
Boyars, Council of, 651
Bracciolini, Poggio (1380–1459), 167, 320–321
Bradwardine, Thomas (1290?-1349), 238
Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601), 862, 863
Brandenburg, Germany, 144, 145, 147, 172, 356, 423, 454, 478
Brant, Sebastian (1457?-1521), 425
Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles, Seigneur de (1535?-1614), 93, 499, 501, 760
Dames Galantes, 492
Braunsberg, Germany, 630
Bremen, Germany, 147, 297, 299, 439, 478
Rathaus, 155
Brescia, Italy, 161
Breslau, Germany, 65, 143, 155, 297
Brest, France, 69
Brétigny, Peace of, 68
Breton, Gilles de (d. 1552), 825
Breton, Jean le, 824
Brereton, Sir William, 559
Brethren, Anabaptist sect, 396
Brethren of the Common Life, 20, 73, 128, 235, 255, 271, 382, 635, 787, 915
Brethren of the Free Spirit, 128
Brézé, Louis de (d. 1531), 518
bribery, 18, 71, 112, 304, 713, 764
Briçonnet, Guillaume (d. 1533), 502–505, 505
Brigade, La, French poets, 808, 809
brigandage, 70–71
Brissot, Pierre (1478–1522), 870
Britain, see England
Brixen, Tirol, 389
Broederlam, Melchior (1392), 131
Broet, Paschase (1534), 910
Bromyard, John (1350), quoted, 20
bronze work, 307
Bronzino, Agnolo di Cosimo, II (1502–72)
Venus and Cupid, 823
Brosse, Jean de, 512
Brothel Queen, Geneva, 469
Brothers of Mercy, 900
Brou, France, Church (1506–32), 96, 98, 829
Bruce, Robert (1274–1329), 604
Brueghel, Jan (1568–1625), 832
Brueghel, Maria Coecke, 832
Brueghel, Pieter, the Elder (1525–69), 141, 829, 832–835, 848
Blind Leading the Blind (Naples), 833
Fall of Icarus (Brussels), 834
Gloomy Day (Vienna), 834
Hay Harvest (Collection Prince Lobkowitz), 834
Hunters in the Snow (Vienna), 834
Land of Cockayne (Munich), 833
Merry Way to the Gallows (Darmstadt), 835
Netherlandish Proverbs (Berlin), 833
Return of the Herd (Vienna), 834
Storm (Vienna), 834
Triumph of Death (Madrid), 832
Wheat Harvest (New York), 834
Brueghel, Pieter, the Younger (1564?-?1638), 832
Bruges, Belgium, 58, 59, 69, 121, 126, 127, 136, 515, 631, 635
town hall, 130
Bruna, Israel (1400–80), 732
Brunfels, Otto (1488?-1534), 383, 867
Herbarum vivae icones, 868
Bruno, Giordano (1548?-1600), 862
Brunswick, Germany, 439
Althaus, 835
Rathaus, 155
Brusa, Asia Minor, 176, 673, 674, 678, 680
Brussels, Belgium, 58, 65, 127, 136, 631
Notre Dame du Sablon church, 136
Town Hall (1444–55), 130
Bucer, Martin (1491–1551), 423, 439, 443, 449, 461, 465, 477, 479, 480, 484, 505, 580, 920
Buckingham, Edward, Duke of (d. 1521), 536
Buda, Hungary, 185, 188, 189, 239, 440, 441, 706
Budé, Guillaume (1467–1540), 25, 124, 288, 495, 788, 790, 795
Bullant, Jean (1510–78), 826, 828
bulletin board, academic, 341
bullfights, 198
Bullinger, Heinrich, (1504–75), 409, 413, 477, 484, 489, 879
bulls, papal, 23, 148, 204, 209, 214–215, 264, 348, 352, 454, 897
excommunication, 354, 356, 558
Golden Bull, 151, 155, 162, 726
indulgence, 338
Jewish converts, quoted, 732
bundling, 762
Bundschuh, Bond of the Shoe, 293, 294, 362
bureaucracy, 494
Burgkmair, Hans (1473–1531), 296, 301, 310, 840
Burgomasters, Epistle to the (Luther), 786
Burgos, Castile, 197, 221, 222
Burgundy, 58, 91, 126, 127, 135, 136, 507, 510, 513
Buridan, Jean (c. 1299-c. 1359), 240–241, 246, 251
“Buridan’s ass,” 240*
Burnell, Bishop Robert (d. 1292), 30
Burnet, Gilbert (1643–1715), 534
burning at the stake, 212, 214, 215, 216, 556, 576, 596–599, 607, 640, 758, 892
Burning Bush, The (Froment), 98
Burton, Robert (1577–1640), Anatomy of Melancholy, 274
Bury St. Edmund, England, 42
Busbecq, Augier Ghislain de (1522–92), 702, 769
quoted, 703
buttons, use of, 74
Byzantine Empire, 775–178, 181, 653, 663, 703
Ca Da Mosto, Alvise da (1432?-1511), 194
Cabot, John (1450–98), no, 268
Cabot, Sebastian (1476?-1557), no, 865
Cabral, Gonzalo, 193
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez (1460?-?1526), 194, 269
Cabrero, Juan, 261
Caccia, Giovan B. (1535), 897
Cade, Jack (d. 1450), 110–111
Cádiz, Marquis of, 202
Cádiz, Spain, 218
Caen, France, 520
Church of St. Pierre (1308), 79, 822
Caesar, Julius (100–44 B.C.), 187
Cagliari, Sardinia, 697
Cahors, Bishop of (1317), 231
Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, Cardinal (1469–1534), 327, 347–348
Calabria, Italy, 697
Calais, France, 63, 65, 68, 69, 70, 88, 136, 522, 599
Calandra (Bibbiena), 811
calculus, 743
calendar: astrological, 231
Calicut, India, 194
California, Spanish conquest, 864
Calixtus III, Pope (1455–58), 12, 86
calligraphy, 158, 686, 700–701
Calmar, Union of (1457), 621, 622, 623
Calvin, Idelette de Bure, 470
Calvin, John (1509–64), 13, 35, 152, 153, 165, 404, 435, 459–490, 501, 503, 599, 608, 778, 821, 849
quoted, 461–462, 463, 464, 482, 485, 858
Catechism, 469
Christian Religion, The Principles of the, 460–461
Institutes, 460, 462, 467, 472, 477, 481, 521, 785
Mass, Commentary on the, 630
Calvinism, 465, 475, 517, 521, 599, 607, 608, 609, 610, 614, 615, 619, 630, 631, 633, 635, 787
Camaldolites, 899
Cambrai, Flanders, 58, 59, 126
Ladies Peace, 513
Cambridge University, 42, 118, 123, 236, 277, 531, 532, 550, 787
King’s College, 235
King’s College Chapel (1447), 119, 839
camera obscura, 744
Camoëns (Camöes), Luis (1524–80), 191, 814
Campeggio, Lorenzo, Cardinal (1474?-1539), 382, 430, 443, 539, 540
Campin, Robert (1375?-1444), 133
Canada, 865
Canary Islands, 261
Canisio, Egidio, 899
Canisius, Peter (1521–97), 928
Cano, Giambattista (1515–79), 872
Cano, Juan Sebastian del (d. 1526), 866
Cano, Melchior (1509–60), 641
canon, clergyman, 856*
canon, fugue, 775
canon law, 759
Canterbury, Archbishop of, III
Christ Church Priory library, 157
St. Thomas à Becket shrine, 275, 567
Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 47
quoted, 50–54
Canton, China, 195
cantons, Swiss, 146–147
Canzoniere (Petrarch), 811
Cao, Diogo (fl. 1480–86), 194
Cape Breton Island, 268
Cape of Good Hope, Africa, 194
Cape Verde Islands, 194, 264, 866
capital offenses, 758
capitalism, 59, 475, 573, 590, 707, 755, 757, 763
capitalization, companies, 381
Capito, Wolfgang Fabricius (1478–1541), 439, 443. 479
Capitoline Museum, 14
Capo Blanco, Africa, 193
Caradosso, Ambragio Foppa (c. 1452–1526), 188
Caraffa, Carlo (d. 1561), 891, 923
Caraffa, Giovanni Pietro, see Paul IV
caravansaries, 707
Carcassonne, France, 60
Cardan, Jerome (1501–76), 791, 850
cardinals: absentee, 31
selection, 18
Cardinals, College of, 926
Careless by Necessity, 614
Carew, Sir Nicholas, 843
Carinthia, Germany, 144, 147, 294
Carlos, Don (1545–68), 872
Carlstadt (Andreas Bodenstein: 1480?-1541), 349–350, 364, 365, 356, 367, 383, 396, 423, 426, 453, 627, 786
Libellus, De canonicis scripturis, 352
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), Past and Present, 578
Carnesecchi, Pietro (1508–67), 893
Carpaccio, Vittore (c, 1455-c. 1526), 138–139
Carranza, Bartolomé de (1503–76), 640–641
cartels, 295
Cartesianism, 747
Cartier, Jacques (1494?-1553), 865
carving, 677
Casale, Giovanni, 539
Casimir III, King of Poland (1333–70), 172, 725
Casimir IV, King of Poland (1447–92), 171, 173, 725
Casimir, Markgraf of Alsace, 392
Casimir of Brandenburg, 380
Casimir, Statutes of, 172
Cassel, France, 59
Castellain, Georges, 130
Castellio, Sebastian (1515–63), 485–486, 614
writings, 487
Castiglione, Baldassare (1478–1529), The Courtier, 500, 742, 767, 816
Castile, 191–192, 197, 205, 214, 224, 228
Castilho, Joao de (c. 1500), 196
Castillon, France, 88
Castro, Inés de (1320–55), 191
Catalan Grand Company, 177
Catalonia, Aragon, 197
Cateau Cambrésis, Treaty of (1559), 522
Catechism (Calvin), 469
Catechumens, House of, 735
caterpillars, excommunicating, 850
Cathay, Khan of, 261
Catherine of Aragon (1485–1536), 526, 535–540, 546, 547, 548, 558
quoted, 559
“Catholic Sovereigns, The,” 207*, 532
Catbolica De concordantia (Nicholas of Cusai, 256
Catholicism, 148, 216, 409, 473, 489, 606, 631, 641, 806, 928, 929, 936–937
Cauchon, Pierre (d. 1442), 85, 86
cave paintings, 223
Caxton, William (1422?-91), 120–121
Cebu, island, 866
Cecil, William (1520–98), 617
celestial motion, 861
Celestial Orbs, On the Revolutions of the (Copernicus), 860
Celestina, La (de Rojas), 225
celibacy, clerical, 13, 21, 22, 30, 116, 440, 625
Cellini, Benvenuto (1500–71), 496, 822, 823, 827, 829, 919
Celtes, Conradus (1459–1508), 301, 305, 321–322, 404
censorship, 24, 393, 423, 424, 474, 563, 595, 630, 633, 639, 740, 923–927
Cent nouvelles nouvelles (La Salle), 75, 90
Centiloquium Theologicum (Ockham), 249
Centum Gravamina (Hundred Grievances), 17
Cepeda, Alonzo de, 900
Cerceau, Jacques A. de (1505–85), 826
Cerdagne, Spanish possession, 92, 94, 227
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), 216, 225, 905
Cervini, Cardinal (1545), 928
Cesarini, Cardinal Giuliano (1398–1444), 13, 185, 186
Cesena, Michael (1324), 148
Cesi, Cardinal (1534), 897
Ceuta, Morocco, 192
Chalcondyles, Demetrius (1424–1511), 123
Châlons, France, 506
Chambers, Dr. John, 843
Chambiges, Pierre (d. 1544), 825
Chambord, France, 496
Gothic chateau, 825
Chambord, Treaty of (1552), 455, 521
chambre ardente, le, 521
Champagne, France, 58
Chandos, Sir John (d. 1370), 29, 112
Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556), 655
Chantilly, France, Condé Museum, 80
Chapuys, Eustace, 531, 542, 548, 561
charitable bequests, 304
charity, 763
Charlemagne (King of Franks, 768–814
Emperor of the West, 800–814), 148, 149, 232, 923
Charles I, King of England (1625–49), 839
Charles IT, King of England (1660–85), 840
Charles IV, King of France (1322–8), 61, 62
Charles V, King of France (1364–80), 66, 67, 68–69, 76, 80, 157, 234, 252
Charles VI, King of France (1380–1422), 69–76, 107, 126, 224, 232
Charles VII, King of France (1422–61), u, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 87–88, 89, 97, 519
Charles VIII, King of France (1483–98), 93–94, 96, 98, 99, 260, 300, 771
Charles IX, King of France (1560–74), 518
Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor (1347–78), 148, 151–152, 155, 162, 171, 237, 726, 730
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–56), 18, 100, 142, 216, 221, 226, 228, 255, 283, 286, 287, 296, 317, 318, 338, 351, 352, 357–363, 380, 382, 393, 397, 412, 413, 428–430, 438, 441–444, 446, 450, 453–457, 461, 504, 507, 516, 521–522, 526, 527, 538, 539, 555, 558, 591, 593, 631–643, 697, 705, 706, 733, 919, 921
quoted, 636
Charles I, King of Hungary (1308–42), 184
Charles II, King of Navarre (1349–87), 66, 68
Charles I, King of Spain (1516–56), see Charles V, Emperor
Charles, Count of Angoulême, (d. 1496), 491
Charles IV, Due d’Alençon (1489–1525), 497, 498
Charles, Duke of Berry, brother of Louis XI (1446–72), 91
Charles, Duke of Bourbon (1505–27), 492, 507–508, 510, 512, 513, 519
Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy (1467–77), 90, 91, 99, 127, 134–136, 142, 300, 403
Charles, Duke of Orléans (1391–1465), 94, 102, 491
quoted, 77–78
Charles of Lannoy, 508, 510, 512
Charles of Lorraine (1524–74), 520
Charles of Valois, Dauphin, see Charles V of France
Charles Robert of Anjou, see Charles I, King of Hungary
charms, 850
Charolais, Charles, Count of, see Charles the Bold
Charpentier (Carpenterius), Jacques 565), 886
Chartier, Alain (1385?-after 1434). 77
Chartreuse de Champmol, 130, 131
chapel, 131
chastity belt, 303
Chateaubriand, Edict of (1551), 521
Chateaubriand, Françoise de Foix, Comtesse de (1475–1537), 492, 512
Châteaudun, France, château (1464), 74, 97
Chaucer, Geoffrey (c. 1340–1400), 30, 38, 47–56, 112, 114
Book of the Duchess (c. 1371). 49
Canterbury Tales (1387?), 50–54
House of Fame (1363), 49
Legend of Good
Women (1385), 40
Parliament of Fowls (1381), 49
Troilus and Criseyde (1385), 49–50
Chaucer, John, 48
Chaucer, Philippa Roet, 48
“Chaucer, Prayer of,” 56
Chauliac, Guy de (c. 1300–c. 1370), 231, 243, 244
Chaumont, France, Chateau, 97
Chaumpaigne, Cecelia, 48
Chauvin, Gérard, 459
Chčlcicky, Peter (1390–1460), 170, 171, 395
chemistry, 242
chemotherapy, 876
Cherbourg, France, 69
Chermoye, Philippe (1455), 101
Chernigov, Russia, 173
Cheseman, Robert, 843
Chester mysteries (1328), 46
Chevalier, Étienne (1460), 81
child labor, 756
Chirurgia (Mondeville), 244
Choir, Sistine Chapel, 779, 781
Chora monastery, 176
Christ, The Imitation of (Thomas à Kempis), 20, 250
Christian I, King of Denmark (1448–81); of Norway (1450–81), 146, 521
Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway (1513–23, d. 1559), 621, 622, 623, 624, 627–628
Christian III, King of Denmark (1534–59), 628
Christian Brothers, Association of, 533
Christian Liberty, A Treatise on (Luther), 356
Christian Nobility, Open Letter to the (Luther), 420
Christian Religion, The Principles of the (Calvin), 460–461
Christianae fidei brevis et clara expositis (Zwingli), 413
Christianity, 3–6, 12, 170, 182, 229, 333, 371, 502, 635
Christianity, The Restitution of (Servitus), 481
Christians, medieval, beliefs, 208
Christine of Savoy, 449
Christliche Einleitung, Eine kurze (Zwingli), 408
Christopher II, King of Denmark (1320–26; 1330–32), 145
Christus, Petrus (1420?-73), 133
Dionysius the Carthusian (N. Y., Jules S. Bache Collection)
Chronicle (Tschudi), 44
Chronique des ducs de Bourgogne (Castellain), 130
chronology, methods of, 736, 743
chronometry, 241
Chrysoloras, Manuel (1355?–1415), 123
Church: administration, 933
case against, 17–25
corruption, 603
English, royal supremacy over, 115
one hundred grievances against, 381
patronage of scholarship and art, 12, 123, 157, 225
ruler of Russia, 659
state supremacy, 377, 577, 626, 639
Switzerland, 403
trinitarian creed, 10
university funds, 237
see also clergy
Church, On the (Huss), 406
Church of England, 547, 548, 579, 590
Church of the Brotherhood, 171–172
Church organization, 246
Church Unity, In Defense of (Pole), 562
Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 234, 289, 291, 856
Ciceronians, 791
Cimabue, Giovanni (c. 1240-c. 1302), 177
Ciompi (1378), 69
Cisneros, Don Garcia de, 909
Ciudad Real, Castile, 214
civic buildings, 96
civilization, Ottoman, 707–716
class distinctions, 37–38
Claude of France, wife of Francis I (1499–1524), 95, 491, 495, 496, 519
clavichord, 772
Clavijo, see Gonzalez de Clavijo
Clement V, Pope (1305–14), 177, 233
Clement VI, Pope (1342–52), 7, 62, 151, 722, 730, 744
Clement VII, Pope (1523–34), 8, 9, 382, 412, 434, 438, 450, 504, 510, 512, 514, 518, 534, 535, 538–540, 625, 697, 705, 722, 732–733, 734, 740, 891, 918–919, 927
Clement, John (1556), quoted, 584
Cléopatre captive (Jodelle), 811
clergy: abuses, 544–545
exemption from state laws, 24
Hussite rebellion, 169
personal morality, 19–21, 30, 128, 199, 205, 404, 435–436, 529, 530–531, 603, 932
rulers of England, 27
strikes, 65
worldliness, 37
see also Church
Clerk, Roger (1382), 231
Clerks Regular of St. Paul (Barnabites), 899–900
Cleve, Cornells van (1520–67), 831
Cleve, Joos van (d. 1540), 822, 831
Eleanor of Portugal (Vienna), 831
Francis I (Cincinnati), 822
climate, English, 39
clothing, specified by law, 474
Clothworkers’ Guild, 756
Clouet, François (1510?-?72), 848
portraits, 830
Henry II (Uffizi), 830
Clouet, Jean (c. 1485–1545), 791, 822, 829, 848
Francis I, 830
coal-fields, British, 38
Cobbett, William (1763–1835), 578
Cochin China, 195
Cochlaeus, Johannes (1479–1552), 383, 851
quoted, 426
code, Turkish, 713
Codure, Jean (1534), 910
Coecke, Pieter, 832
Coelho, Duarte (1537-?79), 195
Coello, Alonso, see Sanchez Coello
Coeur, Jacques (1395–1456), 87–88
coffee drinking, 713
Cognac, League of (1526), 512
Coimbra, Portugal, university, 237
Colchester, England, 42
Colet, Sir Henry, 124
Colet, John (1407?-1519), 25, 123, 124, 125, 273, 275, 291, 428, 429, 524, 768
Coligny, Gaspard de (1519–72), 520, 522, 635
Collège de France, 788, 791, 797
Collège Royale, France, 788, 790
Colloquies (Erasmus), 272, 275, 289, 805
Cologne, Archbishop of (1326), 153–154
Cologne, Germany, 7, 8, 69, 121, 135, 144, 147, 153, 156, 159, 297, 299, 305, 356, 400, 440, 454, 467
cathedral, 154
Rathaus, 155
Reichstag, 297
university, 232
Colombe, Michel (c. 1431–1512), Easter Sepulcher (New York), 98
Colombo, Matteo Realdo (1516?-?59), 871, 872
Colonna, Giulia Gonzaga, 696
Colonna, Cardinal Ottone, see Martin V
Colonna, Sciarra (d. 1329), 149
Colonna, Vittoria (1492-?1547), 508, 893, 900, 926
Columbus, Bartolomé (1445?-?1514), 265, 266
Columbus, Christopher (1446?-1506), 24, 157, 194, 195, 216, 239, 240, 258–268, 269, 299
Columbus, Diego (1450?-?1515), 265, 269
Columbus, Ferdinand (1488–1539), 259, 266
Comenius, John (1592–1672), 172
cometary astronomy, 239
comets, 850
Comines, Philippe de (1447?-?1511), 89, 100, 299
Cronique (1495–8), 99
Memoires (1489–91), 99
Commendone, Giovanni, 630
commerce, expansion, 15, 90, 109, 118, 157, 294, 651
commercial hegemony, 632
commercial revolution, 269, 867
Committee of Public Safety, 399
commodities, controlled buying, 382
Common Chest, Regulation of a (Luther), 764
common law, 759
commoner, English, 109
Commons, House of (Lower House), 27–28, 550, 570–571
communication, 753
communism, 32, 41, 59, no, iii, 153, 169, 170, 175, 294, 390, 393, 633, 634, 635
Anabaptists, 395–402
community chest, 764
Compañía de Jesú:, 911
Compère, Jacques (1329), 131
Complutum (Alcalá), 225*
conciliar movement, 9
concubinage, 21–22, 199, 256, 400, 403, 440, 529, 603, 932
Condé, Prince Louis de (1530–69), 521
Confederation, Swiss, 146, 147
Confession of Faith and Discipline (Farel), 469, 470
“Confession of the Lady Mary, The,” 561
confessional box, 933
Conflans, treaty of (1465), 91
Confraternità della Carità, 896
Confutation, Catholic, 443, 444
Congo River, Africa, 194
Congregation of Jesus Christ, Lords of the, 615, 616–618
quoted, 616–617
conic sections, 855
Consensus Tigurinus (1549), 413
Council of, 10–11, 22, 37, 73, 165–167, 168, 350, 774, 927, 928, 930
Treaty of (1446), 147
Constance Missal, 159*
Constantine XI Palaeologus, Holy Roman Emperor (1448–53), 182–183
Constantinople, Turkey, 12, 159, 177, 178, 182, 680, 709
capture by Turks, 16, 157, 171, 183, 649
last years (1373–1453), 181–184
sacking (1204), 175
St. Sophia cathedral, 183
siege (1402), 181
consubstantiation, 354, 376, 412
Contarini, Gasparo, Cardinal (1535–42), 446, 562, 866, 893, 896, 897, 898, 912, 920–921, 929
Contemptu mundi, De (Erasmus), 271
Contra atheos (Postel), 881
Contr’un (La Boétie), 882
conversation, art of, 767
Conversos, baptized Jews, 201, 207–208, 209–210, 213, 214, 215, 217–218, 219, 639, 734
Copenhagen, Denmark, 145, 146, 153, 621, 628
Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), 19, 173, 238, 239, 241, 452, 477, 849, 855–863
Book of Revolutions, 849
Little Commentary, 857–858
Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs, 860
copyright protection, 157, 784
Cordova, Francisco Hernández de (1475?-1526), 865
cathedral, 846
Cordus, Curicius (1486–1535), 868
Cordus, Valerius (1515–44), 868, 873
Corinth, 186
Coron, Turkey, 706
Coronado, Francisco (1510–54), 865
Correa, Caspar (c. 1490–1565), 815
Corte-Real, Gaspar (1450?-1510), 194
corruption, 18, 71, 212, 590, 603
Cortes, Hernando (1485–1547), 199–200, 817, 865
Córtese, Gregorio (1483–1548), 897, 899
Cosa, Juan de la (1460?-1510), 240
Cosmographia universalis (Münster), 864
cosmography, 676
Cossa, Baldassare, see John XXIII
Cossacks, 654–655
Costa Rica, 267
Coster, Laurens (c. 1370–0. 1443), 158
Cottereau, Jean, 824
Councils and the Churches, On the (Luther), 448
Counsel of the Appointed Cardinals on Reforming the Church, 897–898
quoted, 898
Counter Reformation, 128, 897, 922, 932
counterfeiters, 647
“Count’s War,” 628
Courland, 173
Courtenay, Edward (152 6}-56), 591, 592, 593
Courtenay, William, Archbishop (1342?-96), 32, 35–36
Courtier, The (Castiglione), 500, 742, 767, 816
Courtrai, France, 58
Coutances, France, chapel (1371–86), 79
Covenanters, 489
Coventry, England, Cathedral (1373–94), 119
Coverdale, Miles (1488?-1569), 532, 571
Cracow, Poland, 143, 172, 629, 725
cathedral, 174
Cranach, Lucas, the Elder (1472–1553), 345, 415, 450, 836–838, 848
Anna Cuspinian (Coll. Reinhart, Winterthur), 837
Johannes Cuspinian (Coll. Reinhart, Winterthur), 837
Judgment of Paris (Coll. Baron von Schenk), 836
Self-portrait (Uffizi), 837
Venus and Cupid (Brussels), 836
Cranach, Lucas, the Younger (1515–86), Sleeping Hercules (Dresden), 837
Cranmer, Thomas (1489–1556), 444, 532, 545, 547, 560, 565, 576, 579, 580, 581, 584, 589, 597, 894
quoted, 598
Book of Common Prayer, 580, 585
Crawar, Paul, 607
Crécy, France, 63, 70, 88, 161
Cremona, Italy, 161
Crépy: Peace of (1545), 453, 635, 928
Treaty (1544), 516
Crescas, Abraham (d. 1387), 743
Crescas, Hasdai (1340–1410), 745–746
Crescas, Jehuda (1420), 743
Crete, 182
Croatia, 184
Cromwell, Oliver (1599–1658), 568
Cromwell, Sir Richard, 567
Cromwell, Thomas (1485?-1540), 534, 548, 549, 561, 563–568, 572, 575, 843
Cronacas (Lopes), 195
crop rotation (1300), 143
Cross, Order of the, 173
Crotus Rubianus (1480?-1540), 325, 327, 426
Crowmer, William (1450), III
cruelty, 71
Crusades, 16, 17, 24, 156, 186, 332, 340, 347, 663, 703
cuckoldry, 60
Cumuneros, revolt, 638–639
Cunha, Tristao da (1460?-1540), 194
Curia, papal, 7, 11, 12, 18, 25, 330, 332, 448, 546, 624, 899, 918, 932, 933
Curio, Caelius Secundus (1503–69), 478, 486
currency: Castile, 205*
debasing, 65, 66, 252, 583, 624, 676
fluid, 755
Gresham’s law, 857
international, 632
stabilization, 664
standardized, 92
Curvilinear Decorated Gothic, 118
Cuspinian, Johannes, 837
Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832), 868
Cymbalum mundi (Desperiers), 881
Cyprus, 680
Czenger, Hungary, 631
Dahlberg, Johann von (1445–1503), 320
Dalmata, Giovanni, 189
Dalmatic of Charlemagne, 177
Dalmau, Luis (d. c. 1460), Virgin of the Councilors (1446) (Barcelona, Museum of Catalan Art) 223
Dames Galantes (Brantôme), 492
Dance of Death, The (Holbein) 842
dancing, H4, 305, 419, 648, 760, 770
Daniel Alexandrovitch (d. 1303), 650
Danish Empire, 146
Dante (1265–1321), 224
Danzig, 172, 173, 439, 629–630
Marienkirche (1425), 154
Darcy, Lord, 566
Dardanelles, 177, 179, 181, 185
Daret, Jacques (c. 1404–0. 73), 133
Darwin, Charles R. (1809–82), 242, 452
Dati, Giuliano, 895
daughters, excluded from crown, 61
Dauphin, 66*
David II, King of Scotland (1329–33; 1357–70, 604
David, Gerard (c. 1460–1523), Rest on the Flight to Egypt (Washington, New York, Madrid), 139
David ibn abi-Zimra, 736
debauchery, 232
Decameron (Boccaccio), 50, 54, 499
deceptions of senses and judgment, 234
Defender, The (Erasmus), 435
Defender of the Faith, 532
Défense et illustration de la langue françoyse (Bellay), 809
Defensor Pads (Masilius and Jandun), quoted, 149
Del Monte, Cardinal (1545), 928
Delorme, Philibert (c. 1515–70), 520, 826, 827, 830, 848
Architecture, Treatise on, 828
Deluge, second (1524), 855
Demonic Deceptions, On (Wier), 852
Demosthenes (d. 413 B.C.), 285
Denck, Hans (1495–1527), 395, 397
Denmark, 144, 145, 146, 153, 159, 515, 621, 627–628, 629
dentistry, 874
Deprès, Josquin (1450?-1521), 773, 774, 775
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 241, 886, 939
Deschamps, Eustache (1340?-?1407), 72, 73
Le Miroir de mariage, quoted, 76
Deschler, Joachim (d. 1571), 836
Despenser, Hugh le, III (d. 1326), 27
Desperiers, Bonaventure (c. 1490–1544), 499, 501
Cymbalum mundi, 881
despotism, 651
Dialectique (Ramus), 885
Dialoghi d’Amore (Abrabanel), 742
Diane de France (1538–1619), 519
Diane de Poitiers (1499–1566), 517, 518–522, 827
Dias, Bartholomeu (1450?-1500), 194, 260
Dias, Diniz (1446), 194
Díaz, Alfonso, 640
Díaz, Juan, of Cuenca, 640
Díaz del Castillo, Bernai (1492-?81), 817
dictatorship, proletarian, 638
dictionaries, 785
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 59
Diet of Electors, Germany, 147
Diether von Isenburg (1459), 331
Dietrich of Freiburg (d. c. 1311), 240
Digges, Thomas (d. 1595), 862
Dijon, France, 80, 126, 127, 506
Museum, 131
Diniz, King of Portugal (1279–1325), 191, 237
Diogenes (412–323 B.C.), quoted, 789
Dionysius the Areopagite (c. 500), 153
Dioscorides, Pedanius (1st Century A.D.), 868
diplomatic missions, men of letters, 48
diseases: curing, 850
England, 39
dispensations, 11, 18, 214, 215
dissection, 243, 798, 869–871, 879
Divinatione, De (Oresme), 234
Divine Comedy, The (Dante), 224
Divine service, 447
divining rod, 753*
Diwan (Divan), 709
Diyarbekir, Turkey, 698
Djem, Prince (1459–1495), 681, 704
Dlugosz, Jan (1415–80), 173
Dmitri Donskoi (1363–89), 651
Döbeln, Germany, 356
Dolet, Étienne (1508–46), 159, 501, 771, 784–785, 798
Dolgoruki, Yuri (fl. 1156), 650
domiciliary visits, 474
Dominica, 264
Dominicans, 19, 20, 209, 236, 246, 323, 324, 329, 339, 633
Domostroi, 648
Domrémy, France, 81–82
Don Cossacks, 655
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 816
Donation of Constantine, 16, 117, 256, 272, 327, 369
Donne, Sir John (1468), 137–138
Dorat, Jean (1508–88), 808, 809
Doria, Andrea (1468P-1560), 513, 697, 706
Dorpat, Germany, 439
Dostoievski, Fëdor (1821–81), 841
Douglas, William, Earl of (1425?-52), 605
Dózsa, György (d. 1514), 190
drama, 46, 49, 76, 100, 156, 225, 326, 420, 474, 813, 817
Dresden, Germany, 339*
Castle, 835
dress: female, 74, 75, 114, 127, 199, 202, 205, 305, 767, 768
male, 74, 75, 114, 127, 136, 199, 202, 275, 304–305, 713, 767, 768
Wolsey, 528
Dreux, France, 96
Dropsius, Martin, 278
drunkenness, 236, 304, 344, 471, 529, 648, 713, 759, 769
Dublin, Ireland, university, 236
Dubois, Jacques (1478–1555), 869, 871
Dubois, Pierre (c. 1255–1312), 246, 251
Duccio di Buoninsegna (1255?-?1319), 177
Dudley, Sir Henry, 599
Dufay, Guillaume (1399–1474), 774–775
Du Guesclin, Bertrand (1320–80), 68, 69, 201
Duisy, Guillaume (1429), 84
Dunkers, 402*
Dunois, Jean (1403?-68), 81, 83, 86, 97
Duns Scotus, John (1265?-?1308), 236, 246, 247, 249, 250, 251, 272, 332, 787
Dunstable, John (c. 1370–1453), 114, 774
Duprat, Antoine (1463–1535), 494
Duran, Profiat (fl. 1410), 741
Duran, Simon (1361–1444), 720
Duran, Simon II, (1439–1510), 736
Durand, William (c. 1270–1334), 7, 246
Dürer, Agnes Frey, 303, 312, 317
Dürer, Albrecht (1471–1528), 73, 139, 290, 296, 298, 301, 306, 311–320, 350, 768
quoted, 318
Adoration of the Magi (Uffizi), 315
Bernhard von Resten (Dresden), 314
Charlemagne (Nuremberg), 314
Dürer’s Father (1490, Uffizi), 314
Dürer’s Father (1497, London), 314
Elizabeth Tucher (Cassel), 314
Feast of the Rose Garlands (Prague), 311, 313, 314
Four Apostles (Munich), 308, 318
Hieronymus Holzschuher (Berlin), 314
Jakob Fugger (Munich), 296
Madonna and Child (Vienna), 315
Madonna and Child with Saints (New York), 314
Oswalt Krell (Munich), 314
Paumgärtner Altar (Munich), 314
Portrait of a Gentleman (Madrid), 314
Selfportrait (1493, Louvre), 312
Self-portrait (1498, Madrid), 312
Self-portrait (1500, Munich), 312
Venetian Lady (Vienna), 314
Willibald Pirkheimer (Madrid), 314
Duret, Jean (1550), 829
Durham, England, 604
Dvina, river, 656
dykes, Holland, 136
dynasties: Abd-el-Wahid, 696
Angevin, 172
Árpád, 184
Aviz, 192
Bourbon, 61
Buurji Mamluks, 676
Hapsburg, 142, 152, 226, 296, 300, 301, 410, 441, 455, 491, 591, 639, 710
Hohenstaufen, 148
Lancastrian 57
Marini, 695
Mogul (Mongol), 676
Nefsid, 696
Oldenburg, 146
Palaeologus, 175
Plantagenet, 57
Przemyslid, 161
Stuart, 604
Timurid, 676
Tudor, 108, 536, 538, 568, 591
Yorkist, 108
East Indies, 195
Easterlings, House of (1564), 632
Eastern Roman Empire, 175
Eberlin, Johannes (1521), 383
eccentric, 856*
ecclesiastical authority, repudiation, 366
ecclesiastical courts, 24, 30, 520
ecclesiastical income, 603
ecclesiastical imposts, 621
ecclesiastical offices, filling, 11, 13, 15, 19, 115
ecclesiastical property, appropriation, 393, 395, 444, 455, 456, 543–544, 590, 619, 625, 626, 628, 654
Eck, Johann, Augustinian friar, 633
Eck, Johann, of Trier (1521), 360
quoted, 361
Eck, Dr. Johann, of Ingoistadt (1486–1543), 285, 350, 354, 356, 426, 443, 446, 851, 920
Eckhart, Johannes, Meister, (1260?-?1327), 154, 156, 255, 325
quoted, 153
economic disparities, Europe, 297
economics, 246
Edinburgh, Scotland, 602, 606, 607, 615
Royal College of Surgeons (1505), 244
St. Giles Church, 615
Edinburgh, Treaty of (1560), 618
education, 5, 18, 123, 128, 130, 136, 157, 160, 199, 201, 235–238, 383, 786–790% aristocracy, 235–236
Byzantium, 175
compulsory, 786
Denmark, 627
Granada, 201–202
Ottoman, 714
Persia, 664
Spain, 225
Education of a Christian Prince (Erasmus), 286
Edward I, King of England, (1272–1307), 27
Edward II, King of England, (1307–27), 26–27, 119
Edward III, King of England (1327–77), 7, 27, 28–29, 30, 32, 38, 40, 48, 61, 62, 63, 68, 69, 118, 119, 150, 161, 162, 231, 234, 569, 604
quoted, 64
Edward IV, King of England (1461–70; 1471–83), 90, 91, 107–108, 112, 118
Edward V, King of England (1483), 108
Edward VI, King of England (1547–53), 561, 573, 576, 577, 579, 585, 586, 608
Edward, King of Portugal (1433–38), 192
Edward, Earl of March, see Edward IV
Edward the Black Prince (1330–76), 29, 63, 65, 69
Egidio de Viterbo (1470–1532), 724
Egypt, 663, 664, 673, 676–678, 681, 710
Einsiedeln, Switzerland, 405
Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine (1122?-1204), 58
Eleanora, wife of Francis I (d.1539), 508, 511, 512, 515
Elector Palatine, 180
electors, Germany, 151-152
Elijah del Medigo, (1463–98), 724
Elizabeth I, Queen of England (1558–1603), 108, 226, 255, 547, 548, 560, 561, 573, 576, 587, 588, 593, 594, 599, 617, 840
Elizabeth of Valois (1545–68), 518, 522
Elmina, Guinea, 259
Eltville, Germany, 159
Ely, England, Cathedral, Lady Chapel (1321–27), 118
Elyot, Thomas (1490?-1546), 789
Elzevirs, The (1580–1712), 159
Emden, Germany, 599
Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy (1553–80), 522, 636
emperors: German, 300
papal confirmation, 330
Empire of Great Britain, 581
empirical psychology, 869
empiricism, 247
enameled glass, 677–678
Encina, Juan del (c. 1468–1534), 225
Engelbreksson, Engelbrekt (1434), 146
England: absolute monarchy, 207
alliance with France, 526
barbarian inundation, 5
chivalric pomp, 127
coronation oath, quoted, 26
ecclesiastical independence, 33
ecclesiastical wealth, 30
foreign trade, 109
French holdings surrendered, 88
French possessions (1300), 58
(1359), 68
(1369), 69
hospitals (1500), 245
Jewish expulsion, 724
king, divine right, 255
national unification, 92
papal tribute, 30, 31, 32, 33, 37, 337–338
Parliament, first, 27
population (1307), 37; (1515), 493; 0547), 568
printing press, 159
Protestantism, strengthening, 216
religion subject to the state, 209
revolt (1381), 37–45
(1536), 565–566
(1541), 575
(1554), 592
Rome renounced, 445
Sanitary Act (1388), 245
schools, 787
state officials, selection, 30
war with France, 8, 27, 28, 29, 41, 45, 62, 63, 81, 535, 596, 599
English, description, 111
metal, 158
Dürer’s, 316–317
Enlightenment, 939
Ennquez, Beatriz (1488), 260
Enríquez, Don Pedro (1500), 221
Enríquez, Doña Mencia, Duchess of Albuquerque, 222
Ensisheim, Alsace, 397
entities, 247–248
Ephemerides, almanac, 239, 268
Ephesus, Council of, 924
epicureanism, 272
Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), 175, 272, 328
epicycle, 856*
Epirus, 179
epistemology, 247
Epistle to the Genevese (Sadoleto), 470
Epitome (Luther), 351
Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?-1536), 18, 19, 20, 25, 75, 123, 124, 125, 129, 139, 160, 232, 250, 211–292, 315, 318, 324, 351, 358, 405, 410, 426, 427–431, 485, 550–551, 558
quoted, 113, 272–275, 277–281, 284, 287, 315, 411, 428–433, 524, 629, 780
Adagiorum, Collectanea, 273–274, 275, 805
Axiomata Erasmi, 430
Colloquies, 272, 275, 289, 805
Contemptu mundi, De, 271
Defender, The, 435
Education of a Christian Prince, 286
Erasmus’ Sponge on Hutten’s Aspersions, 427
Familiarium colloquiorum formulae, 282
lulius exclusus, 278–281
New Testament revision, 273, 283–285
Paraphrases, 285
Peace, the Complaint of, 287
Praise of Folly, The, 277–278
Erastian principle, 456–457
Erastus, Thomas (1524–83), 457*
Erfurt, Germany, 302, 303, 325, 364, 356, 397
university, 153, 238, 342, 786
Eric IV, King of Denmark (1241–50), 145
Eric XIV, King of Denmark (1560–8), 626