References
Prologue: How Weak?
1 e.g. Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.270.
2 Wilkinson, ‘Merchant-Royal’, p.130.
3 Rowse, Shakespeare’s Dark Lady, p.103.
4 Perkins, Discourse of the Damned Art, p.168.
5 Josceline, ‘Mothers Legacy’, BL Add MSS, 27.467.
6 Swetnam, Arraignment of Women, p.15.
7 See Camden, Elizabethan Woman, pp.23–4.
8 Fox Journal, p.8.
9 Austin, Haec Homo, p.5.
10 Allestree, Ladies Calling, Preface.
11 As You Like It, Act II, scene IV; Sharp, Midwives Book, p.250.
12 cit. Illick, Child-Rearing, p.320; Ladies Dictionary, p.136.
13 cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, p.495.
14 Letters In Honour of the Dutchess of Newcastle, p.166; Newcastle, Worlds Olio, Preface.
15 Lawes Resolutions, p.6.
16 Lawes Resolutions, p.6.
17 Salmon, Aristotle’s Masterpiece, p.3.
18 Hoby Diary, p.47.
19 Dante’s Inferno, Book 1, Canto III.
Chapter 1: A Wife Sought for Wealth
1 Wilkinson, ‘Merchant-Royal’, p.20.
2 Nichols, Progresses of King James I, pp.105–21.
3 Wilkinson, ‘Merchant-Royal’, p.18; Dedication.
4 Gataker, ‘Good Wife Gods Gift’, p.8.
5 Lawes Resolutions, p.144.
6 HMC, Hastings MSS, IV, p.332; Cromwell Writings, I, pp.585–92; II, p.8.
7 Hatton Correspondence, I, pp.15–16.
8 Kenny, History of the Law of England, Part III, Chapter III.
9 Powell, Domestic Relations, p.5 and note 2.
10 Lawes Resolutions, p.146.
11 Willson, King James VI and I, p.388.
12 Willson, King James VI and I, p.286.
13 The ‘courtship’ is dealt with at length in Norsworthy, Lady Hatton; Lockyer, Buckingham, adds the findings of modern scholarship.
14 Ben Jonson, The Gypsies Metamorphosed, p.139.
15 Hic Mulier: Or, The Man-Woman.
16 cit. Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.55; Gardiner, History of England, III, p.87.
17 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.39.
18 See Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.31, 33–4.
19 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.43.
20 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, pp.49–50.
21 cit. Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.29; HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.52.
22 MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, p.21; CSP Domestic, 1619–23, p.405.
23 Lockyer, Buckingham, p.408.
24 May, Social Control of Sex Expression, p.132.
25 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.125.
26 On 20 October 1624 according to Burke’s Extinct Peerages, p.559; Lockyer, Buckingham, p.285, gives the birth as ‘early in 1625’.
27 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.151.
28 Conway letters, p.25.
29 Burke’s Extinct Peerages, p.559.
30 For the marriage of Mary Blacknall see Verney papers, pp.138–46.
31 See Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.30–37.
32 Verney Memoirs, II, p.421.
33 Verney Memoirs, III, p.30.
34 CSP Domestic, 1637, p.422.
35 CSP Domestic, 1637, p.423.
36 CSP Domestic, 1637, p.423.
37 CSP Domestic, 1637, pp.404, 547.
38 CSP Domestic, 1637, p.565.
39 CSP Domestic, 1637–8, p.499.
Chapter 2: Affection Is False
1 cit. Schücking, Puritan Family, pp.25–6; Rogers, Matrimoniall Honour, p.32.
2 See Sensabaugh, Love Ethics in Platonic Court Drama; Ben Jonson, The New Inn, Act I, scene V.
3 Houblon Family, I, Appendix A, p.346.
4 cit. Collins’ Peerage, II, p.491.
5 HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.239.
6 Swetnam, Arraignment of Women, pp.12–13; Gataker. ‘Good Wife Gods Gift’, p.18.
7 cit. Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.28.
8 McElwee, Murder of Overbury, pp.238–41.
9 cit. Scott Thomson, Noble Household, pp.28, 30.
10 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, pp.28, 30.
11 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.149; Duncon, Returns of Spiritual Comfort, p.1.
12 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.152.
13 Clarendon Life, I, p.44.
14 Clarendon Life, I, p.45.
15 Clarendon, History of Rebellion, III, p.180.
16 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.153; Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Powell, p.335. I discount Aubrey’s secondhand gossip concerning Falkland’s death (p.356), preferring the account given by Clarendon, who knew him intimately.
17 Clarendon, History of Rebellion, III, pp. 189–90.
18 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, pp.155, 157.
19 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, pp.176, 195.
20 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.205.
21 Newcastle, True Relation, p.12.
22 cit. Grant, Margaret the First, p.81.
23 See E. A. Parry’s edition for the letters and Lord David Cecil’s biography of Dorothy Osborne in Two Quiet Lives.
24 Osborne Letters, pp.181–2, 182.
25 Osborne Letters, p.197.
26 Osborne Letters, p.163.
27 Newdegate, Muniment Room, p.36.
28 Lismore Papers, V, p.101; Warwick Autobiography, p.3.
29 Warwick Autobiography, p.8.
30 See Gardiner, Oxinden and Peyton, pp.xxvi–xxvii and ‘Oxinden Correspondence’, V, BL Add MSS, 28, 003.
31 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.336; Osborne Letters, p.115.
32 ‘Oxinden Correspondence’, V, BL Add MSS, 28, 003, fo. 147, 143.
33 ‘Oxinden Correspondence’, V, BL Add MSS, 28, 003, fo. 143.
34 ‘Oxinden Correspondence’, V, BL Add MSS, 28, 003, fo. 173.
35 ‘Oxinden Correspondence’. V, BL Add MSS, 28, 003, fo. 173.
36 See Gardiner, Oxinden and Peyton. pp.113–14, 155, 171.
37 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.104.
38 MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, p.90.
39 Martindale Life, p.16.
40 See Laslett, World we have lost (1983), pp.81–3.
41 cit. Duffy, Inherit the Earth, p.88; Overbury Works, pp.169–70.
42 Herrick Poems, pp.229–30.
43 Osborne Letters, p.85.
Chapter 3: Crown to her Hushand
1 Walker, Holy Life, p.39 quoting Proverbs, 12, VS. 4; Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.386; Walker, Holy Life, p.40; Hookes, Amanda, p.116.
2 Knevet, Funerall Elegies to the memory of Lady Paston; Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.285.
3 Markham, English Huswife, II, p.3.
4 Brathwaite, English Gentlewoman, p.397
5 Walker, Holy Life, p.39.
6 Houblon Family, Appendix A, p.346; Evelyn Diary, II, pp.237, 128, 173.
7 i.e. Pepys Diary, VI, p.316; IX, p.204; Hic Mulier: Or, The Man-Woman.
8 cit. Notestein, English Woman, p.94; Bridenbaugh, Vexed Englishmen, p.119 and note; Fuller, Worthies, II, p.294.
9 Gardiner, Oxinden Letters, pp.40–41.
10 cit. Notestein, English Woman, p.94.
11 Howell, Familiar Letters, p.76; Memoriae Matris in Herbert, Works, p.422 (translation by Edmund Blunden in Essays and Literature by Members of the English Association, XIX, pp.32–3).
12 cit. Clark, Working Life, pp.44–5.
13 Stout Autobiography, p.3.
14 cit. Fussell, English Countrywoman, p.62; Clark, Working Life, p.51.
15 Queens Closet Opened, Preface; see especially pp.7, 44.
16 Kent, Choice Manuall, see especially pp.107–8, 174, 4.
17 Kent, Choice Manuall, p.198.
18 Brathwaite, English Gentlewoman, p.397.
19 Walker, Holy Life, pp.14, 67.
20 Walker, Holy Life, p.67.
21 Walker, Holy Life, p.72.
22 Walker, Holy Life, pp.67, 88.
23 Ambrose, Works, pp.117–18.
24 Fell Smith, Warwick, pp.322–41; Warwick Memoir, pp.292–4.
25 Walker, Holy Life, p.27.
26 Evelyn, Mundus Muliebris, Preface; Gardiner, Oxinden Letters, p.299.
27 Nash, Worcestershire, I, p.500.
28 See Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.489–90; Sharp, Midwives Book, p.33.
29 Gouge, Domesticall Duties, p.223; Milton, Paradise Lost, Book IV, lines 338–9.
30 cit. Bowle, Evelyn, p.177.
31 Capp, Astrology, pp.120–21.
32 Oglander Notebook, p.5.
33 Whitelocke, Memorials, III, p.32.
34 See Christie, Shaftesbury, p.lii.
35 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.302.
36 Heywood Autobiography, I, pp.61, 177.
37 Harley Letters, pp.1, 3.
38 Denbigh, Royalist Father, pp.197, 202, 199.
39 Lovelace Poems, p.17.
40 See Lady Fanshawe’s account in Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.110, 102.
41 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.114.
42 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.115.
43 Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.115–16.
44 Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.123, 128.
45 Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.130–31.
46 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.103.
47 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.103.
48 Fanshawe, Shorter Poems, p.6.
Chapter 4: The Pain and the Peril
1 See Schücking, Puritan Family, p.67.
2 Hookes, Amanda, p.1.
3 Walker, Holy Life, pp.44, 33.
4 See Appendix, ‘A Chronology of Sir Richard Fanshawe’, Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.95–9.
5 Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.148; I Timothy, 2, VS. 14–15.
6 Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.148.
7 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.22.
8 Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.7.
9 Cust Family Records, series II, p.97; Pepys Diary, V, p.222.
10 Grant, Margaret the First, p.96; Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.94.
11 Sackville-West, Clifford, p.107; Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.95.
12 Heywood Autobiography, I, p.70.
13 Mordaunt Private Diarie, p.21.
14 Mordaunt Private Diarie, p.3; Clarendon, History of the Rebellion, VI, p.59.
15 HMC, Salisbury MSS, 1612–88, p.433; see Fraser, Cromwell, pp.478–82.
16 Mordaunt Private Diarie, pp.28, 38, 152, 183.
17 Himes, Contraception, pp.168–70, 183, 191–2; Pepys Diary, VIII, p.318.
18 See Schnucker, ‘Elizabethan Birth Control’; ‘New Bill in Reply to the Ladies and Batchelors’, p.449.
19 Defoe, Conjugal Lewdness, p.155; Capp, Astrology, p.122.
20 Capp, Astrology, p.122; Schnucker, ‘Elizabethan Birth Control’, p.657.
21 Schnucker, ‘Elizabethan Birth Control’, pp.657–9; Eccles, Obstetrics in Stuart England, pp.26–32.
22 Macfarlane, Josselin, p.201.
23 cit. Wrigley, ‘Family Limitation’, p.105, note 3.
24 See Wrigley, ‘Family Limitation’; Henry, Anciennes Familles Genevoises.
25 Warwick Autobiography, p.32.
26 Josceline, ‘Mothers Legacy’, BL Add MSS, 27, 467; Reynolds, Learned Lady, p.29.
27 Josceline, ‘Mothers Legacy’, BL Add MSS, 27, 467: Reynolds, Learned Lady, p.29.
28 Sharp, Midwives Book, p.170; Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.189.
29 Harcourt Papers, I, p.106; Pilkington, Celebrated Female Characters, p.199.
30 See Evelyn, Mrs Godolphin, for her story; esp. pp.79, 144–51.
31 Black, Folk-Medicine, pp.162–3; Pepys Diary, IV, p.339 and note 2; Eccles, Obstetrics in Stuart England, p.20.
32 Evelyn, Mrs Godolphin, p.156.
33 Hartmann, King’s Friend, p.205.
34 Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.270; Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.74.
35 Gardiner, History of England, IX, p.80; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.50.
36 See Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, esp. pp. 105–14; MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, pp.77–82.
37 Verney Memoirs, II, p.296; Heywood Autobiography, I, p.45; Souars, Orinda, p.89.
38 Cholmley Memoirs, p.31.
39 Clarke, Lives of Eminent Persons, p.158.
40 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.175; Sidney, Diary, I, p. lxxxv.
41 Cust Family Records, series II, p.120; see Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, p.60 for ‘an average family’ of four, five, or six children of whom two or three would die young.
42 Thornton Autobiography, p.126.
43 Thornton Autobiography, p.94.
44 Thornton Autobiography, p.145.
45 Peter Laslett, in World we have lost (1983), p.129; cit. Illick, Child-Rearing, p.305 and note 10, p.333; Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, p.619.
46 See McLaren, ‘Nature’s Contraceptive’.
47 Stout Autobiography, p.14; McLaren, ‘Nature’s Contraceptive’, p.432.
48 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.335; Collins’ Peerage, II, p.81; Conway Letters, p.124.
49 Fildes, ‘Infant Feeding Practices’, seminar.
50 Sharp, Midwives Book, pp.349, 365; Verney Memoirs, II. p.94.
51 Heywood Autobiography, I, p.58; Clark, Working Life, p.27; CSP Domestic, 1661–2, p.221; ‘Farthing affidavit’, Notes and Queries, V, 11th series, 1912, p.508; Fildes, ‘Infant Feeding Practices’, seminar.
52 McLaren, ‘Nature’s Contraceptive’, p.433.
53 Schnucker, Puritans and Pregnancy, p.648; Sharp, Midwives Book, p.353.
54 Newdegate, Muniment Room, pp.20, 88.
55 See ‘Lincoln’s Nursery’, esp. pp.25, 27, 205, 31.
Chapter 5: Are You Widows?
1 ‘Warwicke Specialities’, BL Add MSS, 27, 357.
2 Duncon, Returns of Spiritual Comfort; Clarke, Lives of Eminent Persons, II, p.148.
3 Newdegate, Muniment Room, pp.86, 156, 126.
4 Macfarlane, Marital and Sexual Relationships, pp.120, 213.
5 Herbert Autobiography, pp.xix, 10 and note 3.
6 See Cartwright, Sacharissa, for the story of Dorothy Sidney; Waller Poems, I, p.128; Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.74.
7 Cartwright, Sacharissa, pp.104–6.
8 Osborne Letters, p.44.
9 Pepys Diary, I, p.60.
10 Laslett, World we have lost (1983), Table 10, p.108, gives 38.1 in 1601, declining to 35.7 in 1661 and 32.5 in 1721.
11 Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, p.56.
12 Verney Memoirs, I, p.242,
13 Verney Memoirs, I, p.257.
14 Verney Memoirs, I, pp.265, 268.
15 Verney Memoirs, I, p.274; Warwick Autobiography, p.27.
16 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.11.
17 Fell Smith, Warwick, pp.109–10.
18 Herbert Autobiography, pp.46–7.
19 Blundell, Cavalier’s Notebook, p.242; Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.137; Harley Letters, p. 117.
20 Notestein, English Woman, p. 107, note 16.
21 Osborne Letters, p.123.
22 Kirkman, Unlucky Citizen, p.163.
23 Price, London Bankers, pp.151, 31; Price, Marygold, p.23.
24 See Lang, ‘Greater Merchants of London’, Chapter V; Chamberlain Letters, II, pp.572, 576; Pepys Diary, VI, p.215.
25 See the Rev. L.B. Larking in Proceedings, Principally in the County of Kent, In Connection with the Parliaments called in 1640, for the story of the Widow Bennett.
26 Philip Massinger, City Madam, Act IV, scene IV.
27 John Webster, Duchess of Malfi, Act I, scene I; Swetnam, Arraignment of Women, p.31.
28 Larking, Proceedings, p.xxxiii.
29 See Verney Papers, pp.199–223 for the second marriage of Margaret Poulteney.
30 Verney Papers, p.221.
31 Allestree, Ladies Calling, p.42.
32 ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163, fo. 211.
33 ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163, fo. 211.
34 ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163, fo. 210, 28.
35 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, XII/2, p.775, note D.
36 Sackville-West, Clifford, p.xxxviii; Rowse, Shakespeare’s Dark Lady, p.139.
37 Notestein, Four Worthies, p.128; Sackville-West, Clifford, p.28.
38 Sackville-West, Clifford, p.xxxix; Whitaker, History of Craven, p.277; Cocke, ‘Clifford’.
39 Notestein, Four Worthies, p.149; cit. Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.317.
40 Notestein, Four Worthies, p.154; see Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.314, writing within living memory of Lady Anne.
41 Even if these rights, up till the end of the seventeenth century, were only effective in practice in the City of London, the province of York and Wales (see Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.195–6).
42 Thornton Autobiography, p.247.
43 See Stenton, English Woman, pp.100–105.
44 See Clark, Working Life, pp.10, 150, 104.
45 Clark, Working Life, pp.20–31, 233, 215; cit. Thompson, Women in Stuart England, p.217, note 86.
46 Stenton, English Woman, p.219; Clark, Working Life, p.161.
47 Brathwaite, English Gentlewoman, p.332.
Chapter 6: Poor and Atrabilious
1 HMC, Hastings MSS, IV, p.325; the third Earl of Warwick was the proposed bridegroom, cit. Fell Smith, Warwick, p.145.
2 See Laslett, World we have lost (1983), pp.90–98; Thomas, Religion, pp.560–67.
3 Pearl, ‘Social Policy’, p.129.
4 cit. Smith, ‘Growing Old in Early Stuart England’, p.127.
5 Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.361; Collins’ Peerage, IV, p.106; Smith, ‘Growing Old in Early Stuart England’, p.127.
6 John Milton, Comus, l. 453; John Ford, ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore, Act II, scene V; Hic Mulier: Or, The Man-Woman.
7 cit. Thomas, Religion, p.464.
8 Perkins, Discourse of the Damned Art, p.168; Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, I, p.210; Quaife, Wanton Wenches, p.152.
9 See Ewen, Witchcraft, Index (Marks); also Macfarlane, Witchcraft, p.19 for increasing stress placed on marks at trial; Thomas, Religion, pp.445–6.
10 cit. George, ‘“Goodwife” to “Mistress”’, p.161; Eyre, Dyurnall, p.46; Proverbs, 25, VS. 24, cit. for example in Allestree, Ladies Calling, p.48.
11 Roberts, Social History, p.156; see Capp, Astrology, pp.124–5.
12 Bridenbaugh, Vexed Englishmen, pp.357–8.
13 Thomas, Religion, pp.503–5; Dekker, Ford and Rowley, Witch of Edmonton, Act II, scene I.
14 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.42; see Burstein, ‘Psychopathology of Old Age’.
15 Thomas, Religion, p.557; Macfarlane, Witchcraft, p.161; Stearne, Discovery of Witchcraft, p.12.
16 Thomas, Religion, p.565; Burstein, ‘Psychopathology of Old Age’, p.65.
17 Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, Epistle to Readers, p.xxiii.
18 See Complete History of Magick, Sorcery and Witchcraft (1715), I, pp.177–95 for a version of the Belvoir witches’ story written when witchcraft was still part of contemporary belief.
19 Ewen, Witchcraft, p.231; Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, p.5.
20 Macbeth, Act I, scene I; Dekker, Ford and Rowley, Witch of Edmonton, Act V, scene I; Nichols, Leicestershire, p.49, note 12; see Ewen, North Moreton, p.4.
21 Complete History of Magick, I, p.179.
22 Ewen, Witchcraft, p.233.
23 Notestein, Witchcraft, p.134, note 19.
24 See Complete History of Magick, I, pp.177–95; Ewen, Witchcraft, pp.232–3.
25 Nichols, Leicestershire, p.49, note 12.
26 Nichols, Leicestershire, p.49.
27 Complete History of Magick, I, p.193.
28 Ewen, Witchcraft, p.233; Complete History of Magick, p.195.
29 HMC, Rutland MSS, 12th Report, IV, pp.514, 516.
30 CSP Domestic, 1619–23, p.71; Lockyer, Buckingham, p.58.
31 Lockyer, Buckingham, p.59; Stone, Family and Fortune, p.197.
32 Wilson Life, p.476.
33 See Larner, Enemies of God, p.20, for a summary of recent work on the subject.
34 Macfarlane, Witchcraft, p.163; Stearne, Confirmation of Witchcraft, p.10; Scot, Discoverie of Witchcraft, p.42; Larner, Enemies of God, p.20; Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, I, p.210.
35 e.g. Middlesex County Records, III, p.287; Ewen, Witch Hunting, p.33; cit. Burstein, ‘Psychopathology of Old Age’, p.64.
36 cit. Notestein, Witchcraft, p.272, note 6.
37 See Ewen, Witchcraft, pp.365–7, for the trial.
38 cit. Ewen, Witchcraft, p.372.
39 Notestein, Witchcraft, p.272, note 6.
40 cit. Macfarlane, Witchcraft, p.114, and see pp.114–30 for ‘cunning folk’ in general; Verney Memoirs, IV, p.172.
41 cit. Burstein, ‘Psychopathology of Old Age’, p.64; Gardiner, Oxinden Letters, pp.220–21.
42 Hill, Intellectual Consequences of the Revolution, p.64.
43 Athenian Oracle, III, p.336.
44 Dekker, Ford and Rowley, Witch of Edmonton, Act II, scene I.
Chapter 7: Unlearned Virgins
1 Josceline, ‘Mothers Legacy’, BL Add MSS, 27, 467, Mordaunt Private Diarie, Appendix, p.228; Harcourt Papers, I, pp.153, 173.
2 Quaife, Wanton Wenches, p.95.
3 Verney Memoirs, II, p.76; IV, p.255.
4 Newcastle, Worlds Olio, Preface; p.72.
5 Newdegate, Muniment Room, p.150; Josceline, ‘Mothers Legacy’, BL Add MSS, 27, 467; Reynolds, Learned Lady, p.29.
6 Osborne Letters, p.100.
7 Letters in Honour of the Dutchess of Newcastle, pp.4–5, II.
8 Bradstreet Works, p.361; Oman, Elizabeth of Bohemia, p.22.
9 Fraser, Mary Queen of Scots, p.180.
10 Reynolds, Learned Lady, pp.9, 23; cit. Notestein, English Woman, p.82.
11 Clark, Lives of Eminent Persons, pp.201–2.
12 Eyre, Dyurnall, p.34; Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.152; Fell Smith, Warwick, pp.170–71; Cholmley Memoirs, p.52.
13 Leigh, Mothers Blessing, pp.4, 56.
14 cit. Gardiner, Girlhood at School, p.194.
15 Matthew, Lady Lucy Knatchbull, p.xiv.
16 Memo of Mary Ward, cit. Chambers, Mary Ward, I, p.376, note iii.
17 For the life of Mary Ward, see M.C.E. Chambers’ biography (1885), and post 1945 shorter studies, pamphlets and articles by James Brodrick SJ, Joseph Grisar SJ, Margaret Mary Littlehales IBVM, Pauline Parker IBVM, and Immolata Wetter IBVM.
18 cit. Littlehales, Mary Ward, p.13.
19 Chambers, Mary Ward, I, pp.410–13.
20 cit. Littlehales, Mary Ward, p.14.
21 Wetter, Apostolic Vocation, p.89.
22 Littlehales, Mary Ward, p.27.
23 cit. Wetter, Apostolic Vocation, p.91.
24 Italian Life (probably written by Mary Poyntz), cit. Littlehales, Mary Ward, p.28.
25 Heywood Autobiography, p.49; Walker, Holy Life, p.96; Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.310.
26 Thornton Autobiography, pp.233, 342; Verney Memoirs, II, p.228.
27 Cressy, Literacy, pp.119, 128, 145.
28 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.120.
29 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, pp.75–6.
30 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.305.
31 Reynolds, Learned Lady, p.266; Hearne Remains, p.307.
32 Oglander Notebook, p.74.
33 Conway Letters, pp.15, 5.
34 Masson, Milton, V, p.232; Collins’ Peerage, VII p.167.
35 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.38.
36 Warwick Autobiography, pp.14, 22.
37 Masson, Milton, V, pp.233–4.
38 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.37; Budgell, Lives of the Boyles, I, Appendix, p.5; I, p.147.
39 Masson, Milton, V, p.457.
40 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.315.
41 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.357.
42 Locke Correspondence, II, p.219; Fell Smith, Warwick, p.347.
43 Walker, Holy Life, p.39; Clarke, Lives of Eminent Persons, p.201.
44 Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.10, 110; Thornton Autobiography, p.8.
45 All’s Well That Ends Well, Act I, scene III.
46 See Lucy Hutchinson, Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson, ed. James Sutherland, pp.28–35 and 288–9 for her account of her education.
47 cit. Hutchinson, Memoirs, pp.278–89.
48 Hutchinson, Memoirs, p.33.
49 Hutchinson, Memoirs, p.48.
50 Roberts, Social History, p.378; Thompson, Women in Stuart England, p.204; Gardiner, Girlhood at School, pp.276–94.
51 Thompson, Women in Stuart England, pp.192–3.
52 Mulcaster, Positions, cit. Cressy, Education, pp.109–11.
53 Thompson, Women in Stuart England, pp. 189–90.
54 Gardiner, Girlhood at School, p.181.
55 Gardiner, Oxinden and Peyton, p.128; Thornton Autobiography, p.8; Gardiner, Girlhood at School, p.159.
56 F. P. Verney, 1892, Verney Memoirs, I, p.xiii; Dorothy Gardiner 1933, Oxinden Letters, p.xxviii.
57 cit. Goreau, Aphra, p.31.
58 Lambley, French Language, pp.263–4, 299; Harley Letters, p.13.
59 Artamenes, Dedication.
60 Verney Memoirs, III, p.66.
61 Verney Memoirs, III, pp.72–4.
62 Verney Memoirs, III, p.74.
63 Dr Denton had sat on the Council of the Girls’ Public Day Schools Company, Verney Memoirs, I, p.72.
Chapter 8: Living under Obedience
1 See Batchiler, Virgin’s Pattern; Gardiner, Girlhood at School, pp.211–13.
2 Batchiler, Virgin’s Pattern, Epitaph.
3 Theodore Spencer in ‘History of an Unfortunate Lady’.
4 Batchiler, Virgin’s Pattern.
5 Batchiler, Virgin’s Pattern.
6 Batchiler, Virgin’s Pattern.
7 Milton cit. Goreau, Aphra, p.76; Clarke, Lives of Eminent Persons, p.135; Chambers, Mary Ward, I, p.210.
8 Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.124; Evelyn, Mrs Godolphin, pp.75, 121.
9 See Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.12–20.
10 Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I, Chapter 3; Chambers, Maty Ward, I, pp.203–5; Clarke, Lives of Eminent Persons, p.135.
11 Warner, Alone of All Her Sex, pp.246–7.
12 Stafford, Femall Glory, pp.25, 32.
13 Stafford, Femall Glory, p.168.
14 Laslett, World we have lost (1983), p.27, describes the gentry class and above as one twenty-fifth or at most one twentieth of the population; OED; Bridenbaugh, Vexed Englishmen, p.147.
15 Pepys Diary, VII, p.193 and note 2; Ashley, Life in Stuart England, p.27; HMC, Salisbury MSS, 1612–88, p.394.
16 Laslett, World we have lost (1983), p.12.
17 Chambers, Mary Ward, II, p.33.
18 I Corinthians, 14, VS. 35; Verney Memoirs, III, p.74.
19 Macfarlane, Josselin, p.147; Laslett, World we have lost (1983), p.13.
20 Laslett, World we have lost (1983), p.82, suggests a ‘mean age’ of about twenty-three and a half.
21 Wage of £2 cited for 1685 by Goreau, Aphra, p.73; Cust Family Records, series II, p.63; Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.301.
22 Fell Smith, Warwick, p.348; Stuart, English Abigail, p.40.
23 For Mary Woodforde’s Book, see Woodforde Papers, pp.3–34.
24 Blundell, Cavalier’s Notebook, p.158; Halifax, Complete Works, p.292.
25 Twysden Diary, pp.119, 122, 134; Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.120.
26 Wilson Life, p.462.
27 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, p.309.
28 Kirkman, Unlucky Citizen, p.127; HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.425.
29 Kirkman, Unlucky Citizen, p.99.
30 Thornton Autobiography, p.277; Diary of Robert Hooke 1672–1680, cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.561–3.
31 See Martindale Life, pp.6–8, 17–18.
32 See Spufford, ‘Portraits of Society’.
33 Hogrefe, Tudor Women, pp.89–90; Mistress Mary Firth.
34 See CSP Domestic, 1628–9, pp.530–1.
35 Thomas, Religion, p.137.
36 Carte MS, Vol. LXXVIII, fo. 410, no. 175.
37 For the career of Lady Eleanor Davies see especially Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, and ‘Dougle Fooleries’.
38 Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, p.43.
39 CSP Domestic, 1619–23, p.400.
40 ‘Dougle Fooleries’, p.95.
41 HMC, Hastings MSS, IV, p.343.
42 Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, p.48.
43 CSP Domestic, 1633–4, pp.266, 345; ‘Petition of Lady Eleanor (Davies)’, Thomason Tract, 669, fo. 10/2.
44 CSP Domestic, 1633–4, p.261.
45 Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, p.51.
46 CSP Domestic, 1633–4, p.346.
47 ‘Dougle Fooleries’, p.97.
48 ‘Dougle Fooleries’, p.94.
49 Tract no. 18, HMC, Hastings MSS, IV, p.344.
Chapter 9: Courage above her Sex
1 Newcastle, Worlds Olio, p.215.
2 cit. Bankes, Dorset Heritage, p.55; Washbourn, Gloucestrensis, part I, p.lxxxvii.
3 HMC, Bath MSS, I, p.27; still to be seen on the wall of the chancel in St Martin’s Church, Ruislip, Middlesex.
4 Cholmley Memoirs, p.42; Cholmley’s Narrative, p.583.
5 cit. Coate, Social Life, p.30; Cromwell Writings, II, pp.378–9.
6 ‘Lathom Siege Journall’, p.163.
7 ‘Dyve Letters’, p.67.
8 See Fraser, Cromwell, p.335; ‘Dyve Letters’, p.73; Foster, ‘Digby’, p.23.
9 Denbigh, Royalist Father, p.224.
10 Harcourt Papers, I, p.168; see the anonymous ‘A Briefe Journall of the Siege against Lathom’, Ormerod’s Civil War Tracts in Lancashire, pp.159–86, for a first-hand account of its course.
11 ‘Lathom Siege Journall’, p.167.
12 ‘Lathom Siege Journall’, p.177.
13 See Powicke, ‘Hastings Manuscripts’, pp.262–7.
14 Lloyd, Memoires of Noble Personages, p.572; Blundell, Cavalier’s Notebook, p.151; Fox Journal, p.464.
15 See Godwin, Civil War in Hampshire, pp.84–370.
16 Clarendon, History of Rebellion, III, p.410.
17 Godwin, Civil War in Hampshire, p.347; Cronwell Writings, I, p.341.
18 Lloyd, Memoires of Noble Personages, p.586; Clarendon, History of Rebellion, II, p.536.
19 Hutchins, Dorset, I, pp.504, 488–9.
20 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.495.
21 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.489; for a contemporary account of the siege, see Mercurius Rusticus, No. XI, cit. Hutchins, Dorset, I, pp.504–7.
22 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.507.
23 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.506.
24 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.508; Vicars, Burning-Bush, p.372.
25 Hutchins, Dorset, I, p.509.
26 cit. Bankes, Dorset Heritage, p.94.
27 HMC, Bath MSS, I, p.4.
28 Harley Letters, p.xiii.
29 Harley Letters, pp.7–9, 13, 16, 20.
30 Harley Letters, p.24.
31 Harley Letters, pp.104, 158, 167, 178, 181.
32 Harley Letters, p.183.
33 Harley Letters, p.186.
34 Harley Letters, pp.188–90.
35 Harley Letters, p.204; HMC, Bath MSS, I, p.8.
36 HMC, Bath MSS, pp.8–9.
37 HMC, Bath MSS, pp.12–13.
38 HMC, Bath MSS, pp.4, 6.
39 HMC, Bath MSS, pp.14, 17.
40 HMC, Bath MSS, p.17.
41 HMC, Bath MSS, p.27.
42 Harley Letters, pp.206–7, 209.
43 The exact date of her death is not known; see her entry in DNB.
44 HMC, Bath MSS, pp.29–32.
45 Harley Letters, pp.230, xxxv.
46 Washbourn, Gloucestrensis, Part II, p.227; Butler, Hudibras, p.148.
47 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.38; Burghall, ‘Providence Improved’, p.166.
48 Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, p.174; Strong, Joanereidos, 1645; ‘Tobie Trundle’, in Joanereidos, 1674.
49 Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, p.127; Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, p.154.
50 Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, p.154.
51 Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, p.150 note I, p.172.
52 ‘Tobie Trundle’, in Joanereidos, 1674.
53 Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, p.191.
54 Vicars, Gods Arke, pp.246, 259.
Chapter 10: His Comrade
1 Verney Memoirs, II, p.96; ‘Scourge of Civil War’, Thomason Tract, 669, fo. 10/27.
2 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.29; Cromwell Writings, I, p.248.
3 CSP Domestic, 1645–7, p.260; Gregg, Charles I, p.361; Athenae Oxonienses, I, p.xxviii.
4 Athenae Oxonienses, I, p.xxviii; IV, pp.15–41.
5 Gregg, Charles I, p.411.
6 Lilly’s History, p.139.
7 Hillier, Narrative, pp.142, 130, 140.
8 Note by P. Bliss, Athenae Oxonienses, I, p.xxix; Gregg, Charles I, p.443.
9 See J. Loftis, Introduction, Halkett and Fanshawe, p.xii.
10 See Halkett and Fanshawe, pp.23–30.
11 James II Memoirs, p.41.
12 Verney Memoirs, I, p.293.
13 Warwick Autobiography, p.20.
14 See Denbigh, Royalist Father, pp.165–95.
15 Crashaw Poems, p.236.
16 Staffordshire and Great Rebellion, p.132.
17 Everitt, Kent and Great Rebellion, p.26.
18 Quaife, Wanton Wenches, pp.125, 133.
19 cit. Clark, Working Life, p.80.
20 Verney Memoirs, II, p.176.
21 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.199–200.
22 Verney Memoirs, II, p.203.
23 Mercurius Aulicus, 9 September 1643.
24 cit. Godwin, Civil War in Hampshire, pp.121–2.
25 Godwin, Civil War in Hampshire, p.122.
26 On the exaggeration of horrors including this incident, Brig. Peter Young to the author; Luke Letter Books, p.204.
27 Bayley, Civil War in Dorset, p.188 and note I.
28 Young, Edgehill, p.11; Whitelocke, Memorials, I, p.188.
29 BL Harleian MSS, 6804, fo. 75/6.
30 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, pp.46–7; Firth, Cromwell’s Army, pp.298–9.
31 Young, Marston Moor, p.166, and letter to the author.
32 Lacy, Old Troop, pp.150, 141, 155.
33 Lacy, Old Troop, p.141; ‘Gallant She-Souldier’, Roxburghe Ballads, VII, pp.728–9.
34 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.42.
35 Firth, Cromwell’s Army, pp.80, 73–4, 116–17; ‘Female Warrior’, Douce Ballads, I (79); ‘Famous Woman Drummer, Roxburghe Ballads, VII, pp.730–32.
36 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.45.
37 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.42; CSP Domestic, 1639, pp.146, 282.
38 Mrs Christian Davies’ Life, pp.2, 20.
39 HMC, Leyborne-Popham MSS, p.112 for Col. Sawrey’s letter; extensive researches in local records have unfortunately failed to produce an Anne Dymoke of the right age.
40 Verney Memoirs, IV, p.256.
41 Venables Narrative, p.102.
42 Firth, Cromwell’s Army, pp.259–60.
43 Hutchinson, Memoirs, p.99.
44 Macdonald, Alkin, p.21; CSP Domestic, 1652–3, p.xxxi; Frank, English Newspaper, p.204.
45 Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.264; Clark, Working Life, p.243.
46 Firth, Cromwell’s Army, p.265.
47 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.75.
48 Halkett and Fanshawe, p.82.
Chapter 11: A Soliciting Temper
1 Makin, Essay on Education, p.25; Newcastle, True Relation, p.20.
2 Gardiner, Civil War, I, pp.100–101, 244.
3 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.110 and note I.
4 Gardiner, Civil War, III, p.197; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.15.
5 Fraser, Cromwell, p.504.
6 Beard, American Civilization, I, p.25; Nash, Worcestershire, I, p.492; Foster, ‘Digby’, p.4.
7 CSP Domestic, 1640–41, pp.249–50; Clark, Working Life, pp.23–4.
8 Gardiner, Civil War, III, pp.197–9.
9 Knyvett Letters, p.147.
10 See Twysden Family, pp.172–3 and Cholmley Memoirs, pp.44–8.
11 Twysden Family, p.148.
12 For the story of Dame Isabella Twysden, see her Diary, ed. by the Rev. F.W. Bennet, and ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163.
13 See Twysden Diary.
14 ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163, 1, fo. 332.
15 ‘Twysden Notebooks’, BL Add MSS, 34, 163, 1, fo. 332.
16 Verney Memoirs, II, p.238.
17 Verney Memoirs, II, p.225.
18 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.231–2, 234–5.
19 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.239–40.
20 Verney Memoirs, II, p.239.
21 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.244, 253.
22 Newcastle, True Relation, p.20.
23 Newcastle, True Relation, p.20; Verney Memoirs, II, p.248.
24 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.249–58.
25 See Verney Memoirs, II, pp.255–82, 292–3, 316–17 for Mary Verney’s dealings with the Committee, visit to Claydon and return to France.
26 Verney Memoirs, II, p.411.
27 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.414–16.
28 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.422–3.
29 Verney Memoirs, III, p.30.
Chapter 12: Sharing in the Commonwealth
1 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.146.
2 Neville, Ladies Parliament; Ladies, A Second Time, Assembled; Commonwealth of Ladies.
3 CSP Venetian, 1645–7, p.135; Venables Narrative, p.xl.
4 Gibb, Fairfax, p.181; Mercurius Pragmaticus, 26 December 1648.
5 Clarendon, cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, p.340; Verney Memoirs, III, pp.318, 341.
6 Newcastle, Worlds Olio, pp.74–5.
7 Taylor, Sex in History, p.277; Knox, Enthusiasm, p.140.
8 Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.246; Ross, Margaret Fell, p.108.
9 cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.627, 626.
10 cit. Owen, ‘Lincolnshire Women’, p.34; Fraser, Cromwell, p.54; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.142.
11 Kerridge, ‘Revolts in Wiltshire’, pp.68–9; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.144.
12 George, ‘“Goodwife” to “Mistress”’, p.152; Womens Sharpe Revenge, pp.37–42.
13 See Mitchell and Leys, London, pp.397–8; Herbert, History of Livery Companies, p.21.
14 Lupton, London Characters, pp.91–4.
15 See OED (see also Mary Ward’s use of Billingsgate, p.128 ante); Timbs, Curiosities of London, pp.54–5; Butler, Hudibras, p.44.
16 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, pp.154–67; ‘Certaine Informations’, E. 65 (8); Gardiner, Civil War, I, p.187.
17 Kingdomes Weekly Intelligencer, E. 65/II; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.168.
18 Carlyle, Critical Essays, IV, pp.327, 333.
19 See Hirst, Representative of the People?, pp.18–19.
20 Chapman and Chapman, Status of Women under Law, p.23; Hirst, Representative of the People?, p.18.
21 Coke, Institutes, Part 4, p.4.
22 Fieldhouse, ‘Parliamentary Representation in the Borough of Richmond’, pp.207–8.
23 Clarke Papers, I, pp.299, 302; Gregg, Free-Born John, p.215.
24 Thomas, ‘Women and Sects’, p.56.
25 Astell, Reflections, pp.43–5.
26 cit. Appendix C, Berens, Digger Movement, p.252.
27 Middlesex County Records, III, pp.xxii, 287.
28 Gibb, Lilburne, pp.171, 174; Gregg, Free-Born John, on the other hand, makes no such suggestion: see p.215.
29 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, pp.178–87.
30 ‘Overton Appeal and Petition’, E. 381/10, pp. 3–4, 6–9, 174.
31 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.398.
32 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.90.
33 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.103.
34 Lilburne, Freemans Freedome Vindicated, p.6.
35 Gibb, Lilburne, p.192.
36 Gibb, Lilburne, p.192.
37 Rushworth, Collections, VIII, p.1257.
38 Mercurius Militaris, 22 April 1649.
39 Petition of Women, 1649, E. 551(14).
40 Gibb, Lilburne, p.174; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.178; To the House of Commons for Lockier, 5 May 1649, BL 669, fo. 14/27.
41 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, pp.180–81; To the Parliament for Mr J. Lilburn, 24 June 1653, BL 669, fo. 17/24; Unto every individual Member of Parliament, 26 July 1653, BL 669, fo. 17/37; Clarendon MSS, Vol. 46, fo. 110.
42 Clarendon MSS, Vol. 46, fo. 131.
43 Gibb, Lilburne, pp.272–3
44 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.314.
45 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.321.
46 CSP Domestic, 1655, pp.263–4; Gregg, Free-Born John, p.340.
47 Gregg, Free-Born John, p.340.
48 Gibb, Lilburne, p.342.
49 Petition of Elizabeth Lilburne, CSP Domestic, 1657–8, p.148.
50 CSP Domestic, 1658–9, pp.260–61.
51 Pauline Gregg, Free-Born John, p.348, thinks he would not have approved.
52 Lilburne, Jonah’s Cry, p.4.
Chapter 13: When Women Preach
1 Duncon, Vi-Countess Falkland, p.205; Brathwaite, English Gentlewoman, p.82.
2 Verney Memoirs, III, p.72.
3 Thomas, ‘Women and Sects’, p.47; Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.88; Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, p.563.
4 Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.93; Edwards, Gangraena, cit. Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.89.
5 Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, p.563.
6 Vicars, Schismatick Sifted, p.34; Edwards, Gangraena, p.84.
7 BL Add MSS, 31, 116, fo. 254–4V (I owe this reference to Dr Maurice Ashley); cit. Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, p.564.
8 cit. Higgins, ‘Women in the Civil War’, p.83; Thomas, ‘Women and Sects’, pp.50, 60, note 66.
9 Warren, Old and Good Way vindicated, Preface; Warren, Spiritual Thrift, p.81.
10 Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, p.563; Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.281; Edwards, Gangraena, p.170.
11 Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, p.566; Chidley, Justification, p.26.
12 Chidley, New Yeares Gift, E. 23(13); Chidley, Good Counsell, 669, fo. 10/39.
13 Williams, ‘Women Preachers’, pp.567–8.
14 Edwards, Gangraena, cit. Weigall, ‘Women Militants’, p.437.
15 ‘Puritan Congregation Minute Book’, 1654, Rawlinson MSS, D.828, fo. 30/32.
16 Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, pp.56–8.
17 Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.280; Spencer, ‘Unfortunate Lady’, pp.56–9.
18 See Powicke, ‘Hastings Manuscripts’, pp.267–74.
19 See Carte MSS, Vol. LXXVII, fo. 201, 417.
20 Clarendon MSS, Vol. 29, fo. 102.
21 Thomas, Religion, p.139 and note I.
22 See Clarke Papers, II, pp.150, 154, 163–5; Fraser, Cromwell, pp.227–8.
23 Capp, Fifth Monarchy, p.174.
24 See Capp, Fifth Monarchy, Appendix I, p.266 for summary of Anna Trapnel’s career.
25 See Trapnel, Legacy for Saints, pp.1–43.
26 I Samuel, VS. 12–18; Trapnel’s Report and Plea, Preface.
27 Trapnel, Legacy for Saints, Preface: Trapnel, Cry of a Stone, p.42; Burrage, ‘Trapnel’s Prophecies’, p.531; ‘Anonymous Folio Volume’, Bodleian Library, S.1.42. Th; Dobell, ‘Unique Book: Trapnel’, p.221.
28 Strange News from Whitehall, pp.4–6.
29 Cromwelliana, p.133.
30 Strange News from Whitehall, p.8.
31 Capp, Fifth Monarchy, pp.262, 101; CSP Domestic, 1653–4, p.393.
32 ‘B.T. 21.10.54’ cit. Burrage, ‘Trapnel’s Prophecies’, pp.531–2; Thurloe Papers, XXI, Rawlinson MSS, A 21, fo. 323.
33 Osborne Letters, p.222.
34 See Trapnel’s Report and Plea, pp.1–20.
35 Trapnel, Legacy for Saints, p.49.
36 CSP Domestic, 1654, pp.86, 89, 134.
37 Trapnel’s Report and Plea, pp.21–37.
38 CSP Domestic, 1654, p.436; Trapnel’s Report and Plea, p.38.
39 CSP Domestic, 1654, p.438; Trapnel, Legacy for Saints, p.59.
40 See ‘Anonymous Folio Volume’, Bodleian Library, S.1.42. Th; note by Bertram Dobell, ‘Unique Book: Trapnel’, p.221.
41 ‘Anonymous Folio Volume’, Bodleian Library, S.1.42. Th, p.1.
42 Dobell, ‘Unique Book: Trapnel’, p.223; ‘Anonymous Folio Volume’, Bodleian Library, S.1.42. Th, pp.256, 649, 697.
43 cit. Capp, Fifth Monarchy, p.142.
44 Capp, Fifth Monarchy, p.266.
45 Charles II Letters, p.92.
46 Clarendon State Papers, II, p.383; Ross, Margaret Fell, p.39.
47 See Brailsford, Quaker Women, pp.103–6.
48 Fox Journal, p.96.
49 cit. Thomas, ‘Women and Sects’, p.47.
Chapter 14: Worldly Goods
1 Verney Memoirs, II, p.480; As You Like It, Act III, scene V.
2 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.361, 365.
3 Verney Memoirs, II, pp.372, 215, 390; III, pp.213–15; II, p.383.
4 Verney Memoirs, IV, pp.33–7.
5 See Habakkuk, ‘Marriage Settlements’; Stone, ‘Social Mobility in England’, p.52; Stone, Crisis of the Aristocracy, pp.637–45.
6 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, II, p.53.
7 cit. Coate, Social Life, p.25; cit. Habakkuk, ‘Marriage Settlements’, p.23; Pepys Diary, I, p.269; Hollingsworth, ‘Demographic Study of the British ducal families’, p.9, cites 6 per cent of ducal female offspring unmarried eventually, 1480–1679, compared to 17 per cent, 1680–1729 (at the age of twenty-five the relative figures were 19 per cent to 37 per cent).
8 King, Natural and political observations, p.39; Graunt, ‘Natural Observations upon bills of Mortality’, II, p.375.
9 Marriage Promoted in a Discourse, p.27.
10 cit. Appendix C, Berens, Digger Movement, p.252.
11 cit. Cartwright, Madame, p.153; Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.108.
12 Oglander Notebook, p.95; Killigrew Poems, p.31.
13 Aphra Behn, Feign’d Curtezans, Act IV, scene II; Aphra Behn, The Rover, Part I, Act I, scene I; Charles Sedley, Bellamira, Act V, scene I.
14 Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.232; Index, p.367.
15 Verney Memoirs, IV, pp.273–80.
16 Verney Memoirs, IV, pp.207, 452–4.
17 Newcastle, Worlds Olio, p.211.
18 HMC, Salisbury MSS, 1621–88, p.420.
19 Allestree, Ladies Calling, Part II, p.177; Warwick Autobiography, pp.35–6.
20 Cust Family Records, series II, p.74.
21 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.89.
22 See Finch MSS, I, pp.xxv, 461–4; III, p.139.
23 Athenian Oracle, II, p.155.
24 cit. Hiscock, Evelyn and Mrs Godolphin, p.166.
25 Although Collins’ Peerage, V, p.516 gives 14 October 1679, I have followed Sidney, Diary, II, p.11, and Cartwright, Sacharissa, page 247, which make it clear the ceremony took place in March.
26 Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.247; Fraser, King Charles II, pp.348–9.
27 Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.247.
28 Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.215; Sidney, Diary, I, p.286.
29 Sidney, Diary, I, pp.238–9.
30 Sidney, Diary, I, pp.250–51.
31 Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.244.
32 Sidney, Diary, II, p.39; Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.247.
33 Cartwright, Sacharissa, pp.248–9.
34 Sidney, Diary, II, p.25; George Farquhar, The Beaux’ Stratagem, Act II, scene I.
35 Verney Memoirs, IV, p.231; Newdegate, Muniment Room, p.178.
36 Evelyn Diary, II, p.160; Pepys Diary, VIII, p.139.
37 Hatton Correspondence, I, p.53.
38 Shannon, Discourses and Essays, Preface; cit. Jameson, Beauties of Charles II’s Court, p.168.
39 See Jameson, Beauties of Charles II’s Court, pp.169–70.
40 Sidney, Diary, I, p.302.
41 Life of Lady Russell, p.75.
42 Hatton Correspondence, I, p.236.
43 Evelyn Diary, II, p.160; Life of Lady Russell, p.75.
44 House of Commons, I, p.716.
45 Fea, Some Beauties, pp.40–50; Hatton Correspondence, II p.8; Newdegate, Cavalier and Puritan, p.154.
46 DNB (Thomas Thynne); Evelyn Diary, II, p.386.
47 Newdegate, Cavalier and Puritan, p.160.
48 cit. Fea, Some Beauties, p.69.
49 Life of Lady Russell, pp. xvi, xcviii.
50 Scott Thomson, Russells in Bloomsbury, pp.14, 17.
51 Scott Thomson, Russells in Bloomsbury, p.62.
52 Lady Russell Letters, I, p.36; Life of Lady Russell, p.36.
53 Fraser, King Charles II, p.429.
54 Life of Lady Russell, p.xxv; Pilkington, Celebrated Female Characters, p.311.
55 Burnet, History, II, p.380; Life of Lady Russell, p.xxvi.
56 See Strong, When did you last see your father?, p.21; Appendix, p.167.
57 Life of Lady Russell, pp.xxiv–xxxv.
58 Life of Lady Russell, p.xliii.
59 Life of Lady Russell, p.xcvi.
60 Mary Berry, anonymous editor, Life of Lady Russell, p.viii.
61 Evelyn Diary, II, p.173; Life of Lady Russell, p.lxxviii; G.E.C., Complete Peerage, II, p.81.
62 Life of Lady Russell, p.lxxix.
63 Life of Lady Russell, p.93.
64 Life of Lady Russell, p.223.
Chapter 15: Divorce from Bed and Board
1 Cripps, Elizabeth of the Sealed Knot, pp.89–90.
2 Gardiner, Oxinden and Peyton, pp.219, 265, 344.
3 MacDonald, Mystical Bedlam, p.101.
4 Norsworthy, Lady Hatton, p.30.
5 Osborne Letters, p.169; Waller Poems, I, p.90; Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. Powell, p.295.
6 Carte, Ormonde, IV, p.701; Burghclere, Ormonde, I, p.41.
7 Longleat NMR MS, 1847.
8 Verney Memoirs, III, p.435; Carte MSS, Vol. LXXVIII, fo. 412; Giffard Correspondence, p.4.
9 Fell Smith, Warwick, pp.284–90.
10 Verney Memoirs, III, pp.430–32; IV, p.199.
11 Pepys Diary, II, p.6 and note 6.
12 Hogrefe, Tudor Women, p.89.
13 Whateley’s tracts, cit. Stenton, English Woman, pp.107–8; see Milton, Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce; Thompson, Women in Stuart England, pp.169–77.
14 Ladies Dictionary, p.165; HMC, Denbigh MSS, Part V, p.14.
15 Aphra Behn, The Town-Fop, Act V, scene IV; Sir Patient Fancy, Act V, scene I.
16 Houldsworth, English Law, I, p.623.
17 Robinson, Dukes of Norfolk, pp.145–7.
18 Thomas, ‘Double Standard’, p.201; Athenian Oracle, I, p.428.
19 Devereux, Earls of Essex, II, pp.304–6.
20 Pepys Diary, IV, p.254 and note 2.
21 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, XI, pp.262, 109–12.
22 Clarendon Life, III, p.17; G.E.C., Complete Peerage, XI, p.263; HMC, Rutland MSS, IV, p.519.
23 HMS, Rutland MSS, IV, p.340.
24 Clarendon Life, III, p.172.
25 Clarendon Life, III, p.172.
26 Clarendon Life, III, p.172.
27 Clarendon Life, III, p.173.
28 Clarendon Life, III, p.174.
29 Dorchester’s Letter to Lord Roos, with his Answer.
30 Dorchester’s Letter to Lord Roos, with his Answer.
31 Clarendon Life, III, p.175.
32 HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.441.
33 HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.442.
34 HMC, Rutland MSS, IV, p.547.
35 HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.442.
36 HMC, Salisbury MSS, XXII, p.444.
37 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, IV, p.406 and note A.
38 Journal of the House of Lords, XII, pp.17, 28.
39 Journal of the House of Lords, XII, pp.41–52.
40 Journal of the House of Lords, XII, p.95.
41 HMC, Rutland MSS, II, p.8.
42 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, XI, p.iii and note C.
43 Journal of the House of Lords, XII, p.324; Burnet, History, I, p.471, note 2.
44 HMC, 8th Report, Appendix, p.117.
45 Burnet, History, I, p.472; Matthew, 5, VS. 32; 19, VS. 9; Mark, 10, VS. 11–12; Luke, 16, VS. 18; Case of my Lord Roos.
46 Journal of the House of Lords, XII, p.323.
47 HMC, Rutland MSS, IV, p.647; Journal of the House of Lords, XII, p.350.
48 Case of Divorce and Remarriage Discussed.
49 i.e. Dorothy Lady Stanhope on behalf of her niece Lady Betty Livingstone, cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, p.184; HMC, Rutland MSS, IV, p.551.
50 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, IV, p.406; X, p.422; Hatton Correspondence, I, p.159.
51 HMC, 12th Report, Appendix, Part V, p.140.
52 Life of Lady Russell, p.lxxiv.
53 Nichols, Leicestershire, II, Part I, p.62.
54 HMC, 12th Report, Appendix, Part V, p.iv.
Chapter 16: Benefiting by Accomplishments
1 Woolley, Queen-like Closet, Part II, p.540.
2 Sidney, Diary, I, p.191 and note ii, p.22.
3 Waller Poems, I, p.56; Grant, Margaret the First, pp.195, 229: Osborne Letters, p.50; Stuart, English Abigail, p.51.
4 Evelyn, Mrs Godolphin, p.154.
5 Cripps, Elizabeth of the Sealed Knot, pp.10, 36, 59, 190.
6 Reid, John and Sarah, p.141.
7 Green, Queen Anne, p.99.
8 DNB (Abigail Masham).
9 Pepys Diary, I, p.288; II, p.232 and note 2, p.4.
10 Pepys Diary, II, p.139.
11 Pepys Diary, III, p.223.
12 Pepys Diary, II, pp.11, 204.
13 Her Christian name was probably Winifred; see Pepys Diary, III, p.256 and note 2; III, p.277; Verney Memoirs, IV, pp.20–21.
14 Pepys Diary, IV, pp.79, 280.
15 Pepys Diary, V, p.152; Lambley, French Language, pp.366–70; John Vanbrugh, Provok’d Wife, Act II, scene II; Pepys Diary, V, pp.265, 274.
16 Pepys Diary, VI, pp.252, 163–4; VII, p.138.
17 Pepys Diary, VIII, pp.471, 475; IX, p.210.
18 Pepys Diary, VII, p.311; VI, p.235; VIII, p.212.
19 Pepys Diary, IX, pp.337–8, 344, 367.
20 DNB (Woolley); see Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, pp.15–17.
21 See Wallas, Before the Bluestockings, pp.17–54.
22 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.10.
23 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.288.
24 Woolley, Gentlewomans Companion, p.65.
25 Webster, Great Instauration, pp.219–20; Turnbull, Hartlib, pp.120–21.
26 Reynolds, Learned Lady, pp.270–80; Lambley, French Language, p.381; Makin, Essay on Education, p.23.
27 cit. Green, Queen Anne, p.99; Lambley, French Language, p.392.
28 Hamilton, William’s Mary, p.19.
29 Winchilsea Poems, p.5.
30 Pepys Diary, V, p.45; Ede, Arts and Society, pp.84–6; see Greer, Obstacle Race, pp.255–7; Ladies Dictionary, p.434.
31 Makin, Essay on Education, p.22.
32 Birch, Anna van Schurman, p.73; van Schurman, Learned Maid, p.5.
33 Stuart, Girl through the Ages, pp.196–7.
34 Fraser, King Charles II, p.194.
35 Makin, Essay on Education, Postscript.
36 Makin, Essay on Education, pp.3–7.
37 Bowle, Evelyn, p.213; Hiscock, Evelyn and Mrs Godolphin, p.167.
38 Locke Correspondence, III, p.105; II, p.485; DNB (John Locke); cit. Illick, ‘Child-Rearing’, p.30; Masham, Occasional Thoughts, p.197.
39 HMC, Hastings MSS, IV, p.348.
40 Fox Journal, pp.520, 748; see Cressy, Literacy, p.145.
41 BL Add MSS, 5858, fo. 213–21.
42 Verney Memoirs, IV, p.221.
43 ‘The New Letanie’, Thomason Tract, 669. fo. 10/120; cit. Grant, Margaret the First, p.37.
44 Cressy, Literacy, p.37; Cressy, Education, p.114.
45 Makin, Essay on Education, p.33.
46 Poems by Eminent Ladies, I, p.215; Rochester, Works, p.18.
47 Halifax, Complete Works, p.289; Evelyn, Mundus Muliebris, p.8, Preface.
48 Life of Lady Russell, p.xcviii.
49 Sedley Works, II, p.112; cit. Utter and Needham, Pamela’s Daughters, p.23.
50 Verney Memoirs, IV, pp.225–6.
51 Barksdale, Letter touching a College of Maids or a Virgin Society; see Florence Smith, Mary Astell, for this and other biographical details.
52 See Hartmann, Vagabond Duchess, for the life of Hortense Mancini.
53 Astell, Reflections, pp.4–5.
54 Burnet, History, 2 June 1708, cit. Smith, Mary Astell, p.22.
55 Astell, Reflections, Preface.
56 ‘The Saxon Nymph’.
57 Elstob, English-Saxon Family, Preface, p.ii.
58 ‘The Saxon Nymph’.
59 ‘The Saxon Nymph’; DNB (Elizabeth Elstob).
Chapter 17: Petticoat-Authors
1 Masham, Occasional Thoughts, p.199; Winchilsea Poems, p.5.
2 Aphra Behn, Sir Patient Fancy, Act I, scene I.
3 Thomas Wright, The Female Vertuosos, Act III, scene I; William Congreve, The Double Dealer, Act III, scene X.
4 Gildon, Comparison Between Two Stages, pp.26–7.
5 Needham, ‘Mrs Manley’, p.265.
6 Mary Manley, The Lost Lover, Prologue, cit. Needham, ‘Mrs Manley’, p.263; Duffy, Passionate Shepherdess, p.138.
7 There are two recent biographies of Aphra Behn: Maureen Duffy, The Passionate Shepherdess (1977) which casts fresh light on the mystery of her birth, and Angeline Goreau, Reconstructing Aphra, A Social Biography (1980).
8 Life of Mr Joseph Alleine, Printer’s Note.
9 Barham, ‘Discovery of the Authorship of the Whole Duty of Man’; Winchilsea Poems, p.xxxviii; Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.363.
10 See her biography by P.M. Souars, The Matchless Orinda (1931).
11 cit. Souars, Orinda, p.189.
12 cit. Souars, Orinda, p.91; Aubrey’s Brief Lives, ed. Lawson Dick, p.242.
13 cit Souars, Orinda, pp.91, 98.
14 Souars, Orinda, p.253.
15 cit. Souars, Orinda, pp.110, 43.
16 Taylor, ‘Treasures of Friendship’, pp.63–5.
17 Souars, Orinda, p.277.
18 Killigrew Poems, Publisher’s Note; Dryden’s ‘Prefatory Ode’.
19 Killigrew Poems, p.85.
20 Killigrew Poems, p.79.
21 Killigrew Poems, p.32.
22 Killigrew Poems, p.51.
23 Killigrew Poems, ed. Morton, p.xi.
24 Killigrew Poems; Dryden’s ‘Prefatory Ode’.
25 Killigrew Poems, p.13.
26 See Greer, Obstacle Race, p.255, where it is pointed out that her Christian name was Joan, not Anne, as stated previously.
27 Greer, Obstacle Race, pp.255–7.
28 Woodforde Papers, p.5.
29 Sir Oliver Millar in a letter to the author; Millar, Lely; Blunt, Botanical Illustrations, pp.129–30.
30 See Winchilsea Poems, Introduction by Myra Reynolds, for biographical details.
31 Winchilsea Poems, p.21.
32 Winchilsea Poems, p.4.
33 Winchilsea Poems, pp.268–70, lxxvi.
34 i.e. by Dale Spender in Man Made Language, pp.194–5, 230.
35 cit. Winchilsea Poems. p.lxii.
36 M.H. Nicholson in Conway Letters, p.xxv.
37 Conway Letters, p.47.
38 Conway Letters, p.57, note 7.
39 Conway Letters, p.152.
40 Conway Letters, p.53.
41 Sacks, Migraine, p.241.
42 See Conway Letters, esp. pp.113, 91 note I, 114, 79.
43 Conway Letters, p.106, 116.
44 Conway Letters, pp.248–9.
45 Conway Letters, p.282.
46 Conway Letters, p.168.
47 Conway Letters, p.337.
48 cit. Conway Letters, p.299–300.
49 Conway Letters, p.278.
50 Conway Letters, p.412.
51 Conway Letters, p.413.
52 By M.H. Nicolson, Conway Letters, p.378.
53 Conway Letters, p.433.
54 Conway Letters, p.436.
55 Conway Letters, pp.456, 481.
56 Conway Letters, pp.451, 457.
57 Conway Letters, p.159; Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Preface.
58 Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, pp.3, 11, 14.
59 Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, p.77.
60 Conway Letters, p.451; Principles of the most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, Preface; Conway Letters, p.456.
61 Conway Letters, p.457.
62 Conway Letters, pp.465–8.
Chapter 18: Helping in God’s Vineyard
1 Conway Letters, pp.412, 433.
2 Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.70.
3 Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.324.
4 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.35; Trapnel’s Report and Plea, p.24; see Brailsford, Quaker Women, pp.159–76, 213–16.
5 Nalson, Countermine, p.93.
6 cit. Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.15.
7 See Brailsford, Quaker Women, pp.16–41 for the story of Elizabeth Hooton.
8 Fox Journal, p.9.
9 Brailsford,Quaker Women, p.19.
10 Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.333.
11 cit. Manners, ‘Elizabeth Hooton’, pp.14–15.
12 See Brailsford, Quaker Women, pp.94–113.
13 See Scales, ‘Quaker Women in Dover, New Hampshire’.
14 Pepys Diary, V, pp.12–13; Bryant, Pepys. Years of Peril, p.204 and note.
15 Roberts, Monmouth, II, p.205.
16 Scales, ‘Quaker Women in Dover, New Hampshire’.
17 Fox Journal, II, pp.213, 436 and note.
18 See Braithwaite, Beginnings of Quakerism, pp.422–4; Brailsford, Quaker Women, pp.114–32 for Mary Fisher’s expedition.
19 Braithwaite, Beginnings of Quakerism, p.423.
20 Marsh, New Survey of Turkish Empire, Part 2, p.33; Paul Ruycaut (later English Consul in Smyrna), Ottoman empire, p.120.
21 Taken from the account of Willem Sewel, in his History of the Quakers, first published (in Dutch) in 1717. According to M.R. Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.128, Sewel may have heard the details directly from Mary Fisher.
22 Thurloe Papers, VII, p.287; Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.116.
23 G.E.C., Complete Peerage, XII/2, p.778, note 1; Collins’ Peerage, pp.384–5.
24 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.226; see this biography in general for details of her life.
25 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.24.
26 cit. Knox, Enthusiasm, p.161.
27 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.37.
28 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.170.
29 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.138.
30 Spufford, ‘Portraits of Society’, p.12; Fox Journal, p.421.
31 Athenian Oracle, I, p.33.
32 Fox Journal, p.554.
33 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.220.
34 Ross, Margaret Fell, pp.228 note 2, 226.
35 Sarah Fell Account Book, pp.xx, xix.
36 Thomas, Women and Sects, p.48.
37 Margaret Fell, Womens Speaking, pp.3 (sic: Joel 2, VS. 28 differs slightly), 4, 10.
38 Margaret Fell, Womens Speaking, p.5.
39 Margaret Fell, Womens Speaking, p.14.
40 Braithwaite, Second Period of Quakerism, pp.270–72, 286–8.
41 Letter of Isabel Yeamans, 8 August 1676, MSS, Religious Society of Friends, Nottingham Meeting.
42 Fox Journal, pp.629, 647, 666–8.
43 Ross, Margaret Fell, pp.313–14; Katz, Readmission of the Jews, p.238.
44 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.318.
45 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.370.
Chapter 19: The Delight of Business
1 Ede, Arts and Society, p.14; see Clark, Working Life, pp.32–3 for Joan Dant’s story.
2 Brailsford, Quaker Women, p.15.
3 Ballard, Memoirs of Several Ladies, p.287; Anderson, Friends and Relations, p.68.
4 See Sarah Fell Account Book.
5 Scott Thomson, Noble Household, pp.189, 199.
6 Miranda Chaytor and Jane Lewis in Clark, Working Life, p.xxxi.
7 Pepys Diary, I, p.30; X. p.241.
8 i.e. see The Diary of Roger Lowe; its editor, William L. Sachse (p.7), describes the ale-house of this period, on the diary’s evidence, as ‘the unofficial club’ of both poor man and poor woman.
9 cit. Bridenbaugh, Vexed Englishmen, p.195; cit. Pinto, Sedley, p.58; Gough, Myddle, pp.197–8.
10 Finch MSS, III, p.438.
11 Pepys Diary, V, p.62.
12 Pepys Diary, V, p.266.
13 The story of Mrs Pley and Colonel Reymes is told in Helen Andrews Kaufman’s biography of the latter, Conscientious Cavalier.
14 Hutchins, Dorset, II, p.459.
15 Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, p.182.
16 Fraser, King Charles II, p.223.
17 Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, pp.182, 247 note 7.
18 Pepys Diary, VII, pp.199–200.
19 Pepys Diary, VII, p.200 note 2.
20 Balleine, All for the King, p.127.
21 CSP Domestic, 1664–5, pp.500–501.
22 CSP Domestic, 1664–5, p.525.
23 Pepys Diary, VI, p.187: Carlingford papers, II of III, Osborn Collection, Yale.
24 Defoe, Journal of the Plague Year, p.120.
25 CSP Domestic, 1665–6, p.108.
26 CSP Domestic, 1665–6, pp.219, 244; 1666–7, 66; 1665–6, pp.357, 272.
27 Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, p.237.
28 Kaufman, Conscientious Cavalier, p.184.
29 CSP Domestic, 1665–6, p.207.
30 ‘Of Persons one would wish to have seen’, in Hazlitt Selected Essays, p.532.
31 See Howell, ‘Image of Cromwell in Restoration Drama’.
32 Waylen, House of Cromwell, p.81.
33 Waylen, House of Cromwell, p.77.
34 Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, p.337.
35 Nall, Yarmouth, p.154; Ogg, England of Charles II, pp.72–3.
36 Collins, Salt and Fishery, p.61; Waylen, House of Cromwell, p.77.
37 Costello, Eminent Englishwomen, III, p.55.
38 Waylen, House of Cromwell, pp.82–3.
39 Waylen, House of Cromwell, pp.82–3.
40 Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, p.332.
41 Sloane MSS, 2069, fo. 96 B; Baxter, Reliquiae Baxterianae, p.57.
42 The Rev. Samuel Say’s account is printed in full in Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, pp.329–33, first published in 1727; the Rev. James Waylen in The House of Cromwell, 1880, suggests the explanation for Say’s hostility.
43 Dr Jeremy Brooke’s account in full in Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, pp.333–8.
44 Hewling Luson’s account in full in Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, pp.338–46.
45 Noble, Cromwell Memoirs, II, p.346.
Chapter 20: Wanton and Free
1 Aphra Behn, The Feign’d Curtezans, Act IV, scene I; Allestree, Ladies Calling, p.26.
2 Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.76.
3 Allestree, Ladies Calling, p.157; OED; Barker, Poetical Recreations, Part I, pp.12–13; Fraser, King Charles II, p.285.
4 Evelyn, Mundus Muliebris, Preface; Womens Complaint, John Dryden, Marriage-à-la-Mode, Act I, scene I.
5 North, Lives, II, p.164; Needham, ‘Mrs Manley’, p.276.
6 Aphra Behn, The Town-Fop, Act IV, scene II.
7 See Sidney, Diary, I, pp.xxviii–xxxiv, for the sufferings of Mrs Worthley.
8 Pepys Diary, IV, pp.114, 270, 303.
9 Pepys Diary, IV, pp.281, 387–8.
10 Pepys Diary, V, pp.173–4.
11 Pepys Diary, V, p.184.
12 Pepys Diary, V, p.179.
13 Pepys Diary, IX, p.455.
14 Thomas Otway, Venice Preserv’d, Act III, scene I; Act II, scene I; Aphra Behn, The Rover, Part I, Act I, scene I.
15 HMC, 12th Report, Appendix, Part V, p.158.
16 cit. Pinto, Sedley, Appendix III, p.355.
17 Pinto, Sedley, pp.120–25.
18 Evelyn Diary, II, p.84.
19 BL Add MSS, 30, 382.
20 cit. Pinto, Sedley, p.129; Wolseley, Marlborough, I, pp.188–9.
21 Dorset, Works, XI, p.16.
22 Dorset, Works, XI, p.209.
23 Wilson, Court Wits, p.113; Pinto, Sedley, p.137.
24 cit. Pinto, Sedley, p.140 note 2.
25 Burke’s Extinct Peerages, p.492; Pinto, Sedley, p.140.
26 Turner, James II, p.142.
27 Pinto, Sedley, p.238.
28 Pinto, Sedley, p.158.
29 Pinto, Sedley, Appendix III, p.355.
30 Stanley, Memorials of Westminster Abbey, Appendix, p.507.
31 Miller, James II (1978), p.151; F.C. Turner in his biography James II (1948), p.294, also thought the evidence came from Sunderland and was therefore suspect.
32 Evelyn Diary, II, p.248.
33 cit. Turner, James II, p.300.
34 Pinto, Sedley, Appendix III, pp.355–60.
35 Pinto, Sedley, Appendix III, p.360.
36 Turner, James II, p.300.
37 Pinto, Sedley, Appendix III, pp.346–7.
38 Finch MSS, III, p.347; cit. Pinto, Sedley, p.174.
39 See Pinto, Sedley, pp.204–5 and note 2.
40 Finch MSS, III, p.34.
41 Finch MSS, III, pp.348, 351.
42 Hatton Correspondence, II, p.128 and note A; p.129.
43 Case of the Countess of Dorchester relating to the Torrington Bill.
44 Dorset, Works, XI, p.198; Pinto, Sedley, pp.218–19; DNB (Catherine Sedley).
45 See Myddelton, Chirk Castle Accounts.
46 Pepys Diary, VI, p.64 and note 2; Evelyn Diary, II, p.183.
47 Ladies Dictionary, pp.219, 63; Pepys Diary, VIII, p.46.
48 Aeneid, Book I, l.402 (trans. J. Middleton Murry); Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.204.
49 Cholmley Memoirs, p.12; Gardiner, Oxinden Letters, p.164.
50 Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, pp.109, 131; Newcastle, CCXI Letters, p.215; Ladies Dictionary, p.212.
51 Pepys Diary, VIII, pp.286, 251; Myddelton, Chirk Castle Accounts; cit. Jameson, Beauties of Charles II’s Court, p.163.
52 Lecky, History of European Morals, II, pp.220–30; Mary Pix, The Innocent Mistress, cit. Morgan, Female Wits, p.266; Clark, Working Life, Introduction, p.xxxi.
53 Macfarlane, Marital and Sexual Relationships, p.104; Quaife, Wanton Wenches, p.150; cit. Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.561–3; Wandering Whore, No. 1, p.12.
54 Macfarlane, Marital and Sexual Relationships, p.105; May, Social Control of Sex Expression, p.110; Wilson, Court Wits, p.79.
55 Pierpont Morgan Library MSS, R. of E., box IX, Part 2, fo. 55, 57, 62, 64.
56 Wandering Whore, No. 1, p.10; No.2. pp.4–6; Otway Works, I, p.lxx; Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.167.
57 See Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, pp.131–220.
58 Gouge, Domesticall Duties, cit. Laslett, World we have lost (1968), p.131 and note p.267; see May, Social Control of Sex Expression, p.132.
59 Verney Memoirs, III, p.51; Humble Remonstrance of the Batchelors, p.481.
60 Middlesex County Records, III, p.13.
61 Wandering Whore, Prefatory Note, and No.2, p.9; Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.18.
62 Stone, Family, Sex and Marriage, pp.616, 619; Pepys Diary, VIII, p.466, note I; Quaife, Wanton Wenches, p.150.
63 Hair, Before the Bawdy Court, p.136.
64 Pepys Diary, VII, pp.62, 142; IX, p.521.
65 Pepys Diary, IX, p.132; Thomas Otway, Venice Preserv’d, Prologue; Whore’s Rhetorick, p.117.
66 Wandering Whore, Prefatory Note; DNB (Cresswell).
67 Whore’s Rhetorick, pp.29, 24.
68 Whore’s Rhetorick, pp.58, 117.
69 Whore’s Rhetorick, pp.108, 148, 96, 62.
70 Wandering Whore, No.3, p.11.
71 Dorset, Works, XI, p.205; cit. Greene, Rochester, p.121.
Chapter 21: Actress as Honey-Pot
1 Evelyn, Mrs Godolphin, p.97 (still Blagge in fact); Evelyn Diary, I, p.332.
2 Having to appear in public still unmarried, see Hiscock, Evelyn and Mrs Godolphin, p.113.
3 Nicoll, English Drama, I, pp.70–71; Roberts, Social History; Gregg, Charles I, p.275; Pepys Diary, II, p.5, note 2.
4 Marvell, Poems, I, pp.125, 331.
5 cit. Findlater, Player Queens, p.12; Nicoll, English Drama, I, p.70.
6 See Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.5–8 (although he does not totally dismiss the claim of Katherine Corey).
7 Gildon, Betterton, p.7; Hamilton, William’s Mary, p.25; Pepys Diary, X, p.86.
8 See Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.17–19.
9 William Wycherley, Country Wife, Act II, scene I; Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.14.
10 cit. Wilson, Court Wits, p.80.
11 cit. Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.16.
12 Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.9–10; Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.314.
13 Woolley, Queen-like Closet, p.134; Pepys Diary, IV, p.162; V, p.267; IX, p.268 and note 5; Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.146.
14 Pepys Diary, VIII, p.503, note 1; Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.110–11, summarizes the various stories.
15 By J.H. Wilson in King’s Ladies, p.73.
16 See Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.68–70 for details of the actresses’ costumes.
17 Wilson, Nell Gwynn, p.288.
18 Pepys Diary, VII, p.463.
19 Pepys Diary, V, p.240 and note 3; Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.34.
20 See Wilson, King’s Ladies, Appendix I, pp.109–92, for a list of actresses, 1660–89, including biographical details.
21 Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.127.
22 Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.130; ‘Commentary’, C.H. Hartmann in Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.338.
23 Brown Works, II, p.303.
24 Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, pp.233–4.
25 ‘Commentary’, C.H. Hartmann in Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, pp.361, 233; Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.12–13.
26 Wilson, King’s Ladies, p.14.
27 Hamilton, Gramont Memoirs, p.234.
28 For the correct dating of her career, see J.H. Wilson’s article, ‘Pepys and Peg Hughes’.
29 cit. Morrah, Prince Rupert, pp.400, 415.
30 cit. Morrah, Prince Rupert, p.415.
31 cit. Morrah, Prince Rupert, pp.416–17, 426.
32 Brown Works, II. p.241.
33 See J.H. Wilson’s article, ‘Marshall Sisters and Anne Quin’, where their careers are disentangled.
34 Pepys Diary, V, p.34 and note 1.
35 John Dryden, The Indian Emperor, Act I, scene II.
36 John Dryden, The Indian Emperor, Act V, scene I.
37 CSP Domestic, 1665–6, p.157.
38 Pepys Diary, VIII, pp.91, 235.
39 cit. Wilson, ‘Marshall Sisters and Anne Quin’, p.106.
40 Pepys Diary, IX, p.250.
41 Pepys Diary, IX, p.19 and note; see Wilson, King’s Ladies, Appendix A, pp.142–4.
42 CSP Domestic, 1664–5, pp.139–40.
43 Aston, ‘Brief Supplement’, in Cibber, Apology, II, p.302.
44 Gildon, Comparison between Two Stages, p.18.
45 van Lennep, London Stage, I, p.210; DNB (Elizabeth Barry); Cibber, Apology, I, p.159; Aston, ‘Brief Supplement’, in Cibber, Apology, II, p.303.
46 Aston, ‘Brief Supplement’, in Cibber, Apology, II, p.303.
47 Curll, Betterton’s History, pp.14–16.
48 See van Lennep, London Stage, I, p.245; Treglown, Rochester’s Letters, p.29 for the point that it is unlikely Rochester saw Alcibiades as he was in the country.
49 Thomas Otway, Caius Marius, Act I, scene II.
50 Thomas Southerne, The Fatal Marriage, Dedication, 1694.
51 Thomas Otway, Venice Preserv’d, Act I, scene I.
52 Gildon, Comparison Between Two Stages, p.18; Wilson, King’s Ladies, pp.115–16, 61–2.
53 Brown Works, III, p.39; cit. Otway Works, I, p.lxiv
54 Rochester Familiar Letters, pp.90, 88.
55 Rochester Familiar Letters, p.82.
56 Rochester, Works, pp.11, 269, 277, 280. There is no direct evidence linking Rochester’s poem ‘The Mistress’ with Mrs Barry, despite its title; none of Rochester’s poems are dated by him and their dating from other evidence presents difficulties (Treglown, Rochester’s Letters, p.25). Graham Greene in Rochester, p.132, suggests the connection with Mrs Barry.
57 cit. Pinto, Rochester, p.189.
58 Rochester, Works, p.274.
59 Rochester, Works, p.280.
60 DNB (Mrs Barry).
61 Cibber, Apology, I, p.160.
Chapter 22: The Modest Midwife
1 Rueff, Expert Midwife, Introduction.
2 Midwives Just Petition: Midwives Just Complaint, 1646, cit. Aveling, English Midwives, p.30.
3 Eccles, Obstetrics in Stuart England, p.121.
4 See ‘Anonymous Business Diary of a Midwife’, Rawlinson MSS, D. 1141.
5 Pepys Diary, II, p.110; Calverley Memorandum Book, pp.62, 67.
6 Aveling, English Midwives, pp.31–4.
7 Hamilton, Henrietta Maria, p.95; Fraser, King Charles II, p.13.
8 Clark, Working Life, p.274.
9 See G.C.R. Morris, ‘Which Molins treated Cromwell for stone?’, p.431, and letter to the author concerning girls baptized Aurelia, 1618–39, in the registers of St Andrew, Holborn.
10 Eccles, Obstetrics In Stuart England, p.12.
11 Rueff, Expert Midwife, Introduction.
12 cit. Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, p.48; Sharp, Midwives Book, pp.2–3; Sharp, Compleat Midwife, Preface.
13 Exodus, I, VS. 15–21.
14 Sharp, Midwives Book, p.3.
15 Walker, Holy Life, p.86; Hoby Diary, p.63.
16 Pepys Diary, IX, p.260.
17 Rueff, Expert Midwife, Introduction.
18 See Willughby, Country Midwife’s Opusculum, Sloane MSS, 529.
19 Willughby, Country Midwife’s Opusculum, Sloane MSS, 529; Thornton Autobiography, p.96; see Freke Diary, pp.24–5.
20 Aveling, English Midwives, pp.55–6; Stenton, English Woman, p.228.
21 Verney Memoirs, IV, p.169; Ross, Margaret Fell, p.351.
22 Ross, Margaret Fell, p.292.
23 Humble Remonstrance of the Batchelors, p.479; Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.5; Pepys Diary, III, p.16.
24 i.e. Wandering Whore, No. 2, p.5; No. 5, p.13.
25 Gouch, Myddle, p.173; Willughby, Country Midwife’s Opusculum, Sloane MSS, 529.
26 See Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, pp.44–7 for the early history of the Chamberlen family.
27 Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, p.50.
28 Aveling, English Midwives, p.8.
29 cit. Thomas, Religion, p.259.
30 cit. Aveling, English Midwives, pp.8–9.
31 Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, p.47.
32 Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, p.49.
33 See Mrs Shaw’s Innocency Restored.
34 cit. Cutter and Viets, Midwifery, p.49.
35 cit. Illick, Child-Rearing, pp.306, 333, 13.
36 Sharp, Midwives Book, p.3.
37 Clark, Working Life, p.263.
38 Shorter, Women’s Bodies, pp.141–3, 123–38; Eccles, Obstetrics in Stuart England, pp.123–4.
39 Donnison, Midwives and Medical Men, p.190.
40 By J.H. Aveling (founder of The Obstetrical Journal of Great Britain and Ireland) in English Midwives, 1872, p.39.
41 Sharp, Midwives Book, pp.6, 13, 38; Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.94.
42 Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.94; Conway Letters, p.153.
43 Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.94.
44 Aveling, English Midwives, p.39; Sharp, Midwives Book, p.184; Sermon, Ladies Companion, p.5.
45 Shorter, Women’s Bodies, pp.125–6.
46 Aveling, English Midwives, p.112.
47 Cellier, ‘Scheme for the Foundation of a Royal Hospital’, p.136.
48 Kenyon, Popish Plot, pp.189–90; Cellier, Malice Defeated, Preface.
49 But see J.H. Kenyon, Popish Plot, for the clearest summary of the various facts and suppositions.
50 Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.10.
51 Warner, English Persecution of Catholics, I, p.314.
52 Caulfield, Portraits, I, pp.25–6.
53 Dangerfield, Grand Impostor, p.4; Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.19.
54 Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.38.
55 cit. Aveling, English Midwives, p.64.
56 Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.28.
57 Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.42.
58 Hatton Correspondence, I, p.236.
59 Cellier, Malice Defeated, p.32,
60 Life of Lady Russell, p.44.
61 Midwife Unmask’d, p.134.
62 See Aveling, English Midwives, pp.76–7.
63 Cellier, ‘Scheme for the Foundation of a Royal Hospital’, p.137.
64 See Cellier, To Dr–, An Answer, pp.1–2.
65 Cellier, To Dr–, An Answer, p.7.
66 Cellier, To Dr–, An Answer, p.8.
67 Strickland, English Queens, V, pp.214–26.
68 Dr Chamberlen’s Letter, Sloane MSS, 4107, p.150.
Epilogue: How Strong?
1 Mercurius Militaris, 22 April 1649.
2 cit. Green, Queen Anne, p. 111.
3 Makin, Essay on Education, p.11; Notestein, ‘English Woman’, p.83.
4 Astell, Reflections, p.85.
5 Agrippa, Female Pre-eminence, pp.1–2.
6 Sprint, Bride-Woman Counseller.
7 Lawes Resolutions, p.144; Essay in Defense of the Female Sex, p.38. (Probably written by Mrs Judith Drake, see Reynolds, Learned Lady, p.297.)
8 Hieron, Helpe unto Devotion, p.386.
9 Chambers, Mary Ward, II, p.33.
10 HMC, 12th Report, Appendix, Part V, p.158.
11 Seaver, Seventeenth-Century England, p.9.
12 Cust Family Records, series II, p.120.
13 Cartwright, Sacharissa, p.74.
14 ‘The Female Warrior’, Douce Ballads, I (79).
15 Taylor, ‘Treasures of Friendship’, p.53.
16 Abbadie, Panégyrique de Marie, Reine d’Angleterre, see esp. pp.2, 7, 8, 13, 31; it was also printed in English.