Notes
The works referred to here are cited in full in the Bibliography.
Abbreviations
BL = British Library
BodL = Bodleian Library
BP = Blenheim Palace
CP = The Complete Peerage
CPR = Calendar of Patent Rolls
CSP = Calendar of State Papers
DNB = Dictionary of National Biography
HMC = Historic Manuscripts Commission
HP = History of Parliament
ILN = Illustrated London News
LP = Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII
MCO = Magdalen College, Oxford
NA = National Archives
NAS = National Archives of Scotland
NLS = National Library of Scotland
PL = Paston Letters
SR = Statutes of the Realm
Chapter 1. A Game of Dice: The Growth of Aristocratic Power
1. Tristram, passim.
2. Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem, VIII, 1968, p. 46, p. 51, p. 55, p. 70.
3. Maddicott, pp. 43–5.
4. Sayles (ed.), p. 227.
5. Stonor Letters, I, pp. 116–17.
6. The Lisle Letters, I, p. 585.
Chapter 2. Manners and Virtue: The Cult of Chivalry and the Culture of the Aristocracy
1. Rawcliffe, pp. 29–30, pp. 93–4; Lisle Letters, I, p. 13.
2. Dyboski, R., and Arend, M. (eds.), p. 11.
3. Keen, p. 119, p. 122.
4. St John Hope, passim.
5. Sinclair, pp. 87–9.
6. ed. Miller, p. 559.
7. Anglo, I, p. 20.
8. Turville-Petre, pp. 336–7.
9. Westfall, pp. 175–8.
10. Hanna III, p. 897, p. 910.
11. Smyth, Lives of the Berkeleys, II, p. 34.
12. Both are large and were made in 1401; one is at Dyrham and the other at Chipping Campden.
13. Aldwell, p. 56.
14. MCO, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, 270.
15. HMC, De Lisle and Dudley, I, p. 199.
16. Saul, passim.
17. Virgoe, ‘Some Ancient Indictments’, pp. 254–5.
18. Offord (ed.), pp. 2-4.
19. Smyth, Lives, II, pp. 5–6.
Chapter 3. Their Plenty was Our Scarcity: Resistance.
1. By far the best account is Professor Barry Dobson’s collection of documents; I have relied upon it and his comments.
2. Dobson, p. 258.
3. Owst, p. 301.
4. Fryde, p. 78.
5. Fryde, p. 76, p. 119.
6. Smyth, Lives, II, p. 6.
Chapter 4. Weeds Which Must Be Mown Down: The Wars of the Roses 1450–87
1. Hamner, p. 285.
2. Hicks, pp. 310–12.
3. Henry VI, Part Two, IV, i.
4. Virgoe, ‘The Death of William de la Pole’, p. 499.
5. Pugh, p. 55.
6. Hughes, Arthurian Myths and Alchemy, pp. 47–8.
7. Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 71.
8. Scattergood, p. 205.
9. Hicks, p. 293.
Chapter 5. As a True Knight: Honour and Violence in the Wars of the Roses
1. Lander, Attainder, p. 106n.
2. Griffiths, p. 35.
3. PL, III, p. 4.
4. Hughes, Arthurian Myths, p. 196, p. 197, p. 241.
5. CPR, 1452–1461, pp. 93–102.
6. PL, I, pp. 96–7.
7. Virgoe, ‘William Tailboys and Lord Cromwell’, p. 469, p. 472.
8. Payling, p. 893.
9. NA, C 1/26/76.
10. NA, KB 9/118/22.
11. Hicks, pp. 48–9.
12. Smyth, Lives, II, pp. 65–8, pp. 110–14.
13. PL, II, 230.
14. NA, C 1/31; KB 9/296, 297; C 1/29, 193; C 1/40, 60-63.
15. NA, E 404/74, 31, 79.
16. Dunham, p. 16.
17. Macfarlane, P. 250.
18. CPR, 1452–1461, pp. 552–3.
19. HMC, 3rd Report, Appendix 4, pp. 2–4.
20. Chrimes, p. 308.
Chapter 6. In Foolish Submission: Irish and Scottish Aristocracies
1. Miller (ed.), p. 565.
2. HMC, 12th Report, Appendix 4, p. 35.
3. Gwynfor Jones, pp. 104–16.
4. Ellis, p. 67.
5. Clan Campbell Letters, p. 153.
6. Dawson, p. 8.
7. Muldoon, p. 90.
8. Fradenburg, p. 154, p. 239.
9. Brown, ‘“Rejoice to hear of Douglas”’, pp. 168–70.
10. Stringer, pp. 217–18.
11. Connolly, pp. 52–3.
12. CSP, Scotland, V, pp. 253–63, and CSP, Scotland, VII, p. 558, p. 577.
13. Brown, Bloodfeud in Scotland 1573–1625, p. 5.
14. Burnet, p. 11.
Chapter 7. Obeyed and Looked Up To: The Tudors and Their Lords
1. Henderson, p. 11, p. 31.
2. Archer, Religion, Politics and Society, p. 130.
3. Bernard, ‘The Downfall of Thomas Seymour’, pp. 221–2.
4. Nicholls, (ed.), p. 9.
5. CSP, Domestic, Mary I, I, 44.
6. CSP, Domestic, Mary I, I, 30.
7. HMC, Salisbury, I, pp. 443–7.
8. Letters of the Clifford Lords and Earls of Cumberland, c.1500–c.1565, p. 34.
9. Lisle Letters, II, pp. 468–9.
10. LP, Henry VIII, XI, p. 371.
11. Stone, p. 747.
12. Woodward, pp. 15–17.
13. Wall, p. 37.
Chapter 8. Stir Up Your Fame: A New Breed of Noblemen
1. LP, Henry VIII, XXI, i, p. 284.
2. Stone, p. 791.
3. Stone, p. 677.
4. Markham (ed.), pp. 42–3.
5. Scott (ed.), p. 497.
6. Low, p. 18.
7. Stone, p. 236.
8. Stone, pp. 274–5.
9. The Wentworth Papers 1597–1628, p. 16.
10. Hamner, p. 57.
11. Spiers (ed.), pp. 62–3.
12. HMC, Rutland, I, pp. 397–9.
13. HMC, Hastings, III, p. 309.
14. Lightbrown, p. 158.
15. Elyot, p. 103.
16. Weber, p. 121.
17. Rosenberg, p. 128.
18. Lamb, p. 164.
19. Lamb, p. 165.
20. Woodfill, pp. 59–60.
21. Woodfill, pp. 66–7.
22. Rothenberg, pp. 350–1.
Part Two: Equilibrium: 1603–1815
Chapter 9. I Honour the King as Much as I Love Parliament: The Road to Civil War
1. James, English Politics and the Concept of Honour, p. 85.
2. Malcolm, p. 136.
3. Trevor Roper, p. 354.
4. Ibid., p. 348.
5. Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, VII, pp. 185–6.
6. HMC, 13th Report, II, p. 133.
7. Zagorin, p. 53.
8. Gardiner (ed.), p. 217.
9. Trevor Roper, p. 297.
10. Malcolm, p. 158.
11. Zagorin, p. 332.
12. Fletcher, p. 285, p. 289.
13. HMC, 13th Report, I, p. 87.
14. Hughes, Politics, Society and Civil War in Warwickshire, 1620–1660, p. 155; The Diary of Bulstrode Whitelock, 1605–1675, pp. 138–9.
Chapter 10. A Circular Motion: Revolution and Restoration 1642–60
1. Carlton, pp. 211–14.
2. CSP, America and the West Indies, 1574-1660, p. 380, p. 387.
3. CP, XII, ii, pp. 706–8.
4. Kelsey, pp. 55–6, p. 116, pp. 120–1.
5. Bush, p. 134.
6. Malcolm, p. 147.
7. Ibid., p. 157.
8. Warmington, p. 103; Underdown, p. 133.
9. Hughes, Politics, Society, p. 202, p. 251.
10. DNB, 49, pp. 124–7.
11. Calendar of the Proceedings of the Committee for Compounding, 1643–1660, I, pp. 839–40; CP, XII, i, pp. 691–2.
12. Calendar of the Proceedings, I, pp. 914–15; CP, XI, pp. 26–7.
13. Ward, pp. 23–4.
14. Ibid., p. 31.
15. Thirsk, p. 188.
16. Durston, pp. 47–8.
17. Gentles, ‘The Sales of Crown Lands during the English Revolution’, passim; Gentles, ‘The Purchasers of Northamptonshire Lands’, p. 217.
18. Thirsk, p. 188.
19. O’Hart, pp. 248–304.
20. Ohlmeyer, p. 284.
21. CSP, Ireland, 1647–1660, pp. 624–5; CSP, Ireland, 1660–1662, p. 318.
22. Ohlmeyer, p. 242.
23. Ibid., pp. 263–4.
24. Hughes, Politics, Society, pp. 293–4.
25. Bush, p. 135.
26. Zagorin, p. 14.
Chapter 11. Signal Deliverances: Restoration 1660–85
1. SR, V, 12 Charles II c. xxiv.
2. SR, V, 12 Charles II c xiv.
3. Slater, p. 133.
4. Harris, p. 22.
5. Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1681, pp. 69–70; Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, 1683–1684, p. 30.
6. A. N., p. 2.
7. Stillingfleet, pp. 27–8.
8. L’Estrange, p. 24.
9. Clark, English Society 1688–1832, pp. 16–17.
10. Bush, p. 29.
11. The Late Apology in Behalf of the Papists Re-Printed and Answered in Behalf of the Royalists, p. 46.
12. Depositions from the Castle of York Relating to Offences Committed in the Northern Counties in the Seventeenth Century, p. 230.
13. Clark, English Society, pp. 16–17.
14. Slater, pp. 129–30.
15. HP, House of Commons, 1660–1690, I, p. 2, p. 16.
16. Ibid., II, pp. 419–20.
17. SR, V, 16 Charles II, c.iv.
18. SR, V, 30 Charles II, c. 1.
19. Slater, pp. 141–2.
20. Evelyn, IV, pp. 225–34.
21. Halifax, p. 255, p. 234.
22. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, III, pp. 209–10; Pepys, IX, 335–6.
23. Kenyon, p. 330.
24. Keeton, pp. 266–7.
25. Halifax, p. 49, p. 101, p. 195, p. 216.
Chapter 12. The People Assembled and Freely Chose Them: The Glorious Revolution and After
1. Harris, p. 285.
2. Lindsay, pp. 39–41.
3. Slater, p. 167.
4. HMC, Buccleuch and Queensbury, II, p. 31.
5. Harris, p. 265.
6. Slater, p. 181.
7. Lindsay, p. 18, p. 20.
8. Register of the Privy Seal of Scotland, XIII, p. 352, p. 355.
9. HMC, Le Fleming, p. 214, p. 220, p. 223, p. 226.
10. Letters and Papers chiefly addressed to George Earl of Melville, Secretary of State for Scotland 1689–1691, p. 12.
11. Clark, English Society, p. 120.
12. Charges to the Grand Jury, 1689–1803, p. 37.
13. Ibid., p. 67–8, p. 73.
14. The Letterbooks of John Hervey First Earl of Bristol, I, pp. 74–5, p. 139.
Chapter 13. I’ll Share the Fate of My Prince: Jacobites
1. NLS, MS 7104, pp. 3-4.
2. James, Warrior Race, pp. 109–12.
3. Lindsay, iv.
4. NLS, MS 7044, p. 50.
5. NLS, MS 7104, pp. 128–9, p. 143.
Chapter 14. Magnificence: Grand Houses and Grand Tours
1. Henderson, p. 11.
2. Tinniswood, p. 81.
3. Ibid., pp. 21–2; Peck, pp. 197–200.
4. HMC, Mar and Kellie, II, pp. 77–9.
5. Nashe, pp. 300-1.
6. HMC, Mar and Kellie, II, p. 98.
7. Stoye, p. 134.
8. Bacon’s The Advancement of Learning quoted in Strong, p. 50.
9. HMC, Twelfth Earl of Lindsey, p. 279.
10. Stoye, p. 146.
11. Strong, p. 29.
12. Tinniswood, pp. 42–3.
13. Ibid., p. 42; HMC, De Lisle and Dudley, I, pp. 290–1.
14. Strong, p. 50.
15. Hesemer (ed.), I, pp. 87–8.
16. Shakeshaft, p. 123.
17. Ibid., pp. 123–4.
18. Whalley, passim.
19. Wootton, pp. 18–19, pp. 20–1.
20. Stone, pp. 719–20.
21. Smuts, passim.
22. Cohen, pp. 55–6.
23. Uglow, pp. 322–3.
24. Lady’s Magazine, IV (1773), p. 8.
25. Burke, A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas on the Sublime and Beautiful, p. 136, p. 140.
Chapter 15. Public Character: The Aristocratic Century 1714–1815
1. Cannon, Aristocratic Century, and Clark, English Society, 1688–1832.
2. The Creevey Papers, I, p. 275; Burke, A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire, p. vii.
3. SR, George III, XXXI, c. xxxi.
4. The Speeches of the Duke of Wellington in Parliament, I, p. 406.
5. Colley, pp. 177–93.
6. Cannon, p. 40, p. 42, p. 44.
7. Maxwell Lyte, p. 431; CP, VI, p. 326n.
8. Bourne, p. 9.
9. Yonge, I, pp. 7–8.
10. Creevey Papers, I, p. 4, pp. 50–1, 260; Creevey Papers, II, p. 117.
11. HMC, Egmont, I, p. 34.
12. The Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle 1724–1750, p. xxvi, p. 4, p. 7, p. 8, p. 40, p. 63, p. 46.
13. Ibid., p. 6, p. 13.
14. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, p. 162, p. 252.
15. BL, Add. MSS 32,998, p. 407, p. 409.
16. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, p. 262d.
17. Wraxall,
18. Beckett, The Aristocracy of England 1660–1914, pp. 428–9.
19. BL, Add. MSS 32,995, pp. 175–9.
20. Clay, p. 19.
21. MacCahill, p. 273.
22. HMC, 10th Report, pp. 6–7.
23. Wraxall, 413–14.
24. Clark, English Society, pp. 212–13.
25. Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1784, p. 577.
26. NAS, GD 51/1/36.
27. NAS, GD 51/1/120, p. 2.
28. NAS, GD 51/26/31; CP, V, p. 607.
29. HMC, Bathurst, p. 278.
30. Speeches of the Duke of Wellington, I, p. 80, p. 81, p. 91.
31. HMC, Egmont, p. 420–6.
32. HMC, 10th Report, p. 15.
33. McCahill, p. 273.
34. NAS, GD 22/1/318, p. 1, p. 4, p. 5.
35. The Later Correspondence of George III, I, 183n.
36. Gentleman’s Magazine, LX, ii (1785), p. 619.
Chapter 16. A Fair Kingdom: Fame, Taste and Fashion
1. Public Advertiser, 18 and 20 January 1758.
2. Saville, Secret Comment, pp. 92–3.
3. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 1 August 1824.
4. The Oracle and Daily Advertiser, 16 June 1800.
5. The Universal Register, 14 April 1785.
6. Lady Caroline Lamb, I, p. 184, p. 186.
7. Lady’s Magazine, IV (1773), p. 4 (the novel was serialised in this publication).
8. Tillyard, pp. 65–6.
9. The Connoisseur, 16 January 1754.
10. The Connoisseur, 27 June 1754.
11. Postle (ed.), p. 29.
12. Brewer, pp. 256–9.
13. The Universal Register, 14 June 1785.
14. Brewer, pp. 256–9.
15. Ibid., p. 285.
16. The Art Journal (1849), p. 165.
17. John Constable’s Correspondence, pp. 180–1; Haydon, III, p. 386.
18. See Brewer and Porter.
19. Schultz, pp. 1–2; Gay, p. 80.
20. Deutsch, p. 746.
21. Ibid., p. 426.
22. The Connoisseur, 6 June 1754.
23. Gentleman’s Magazine, August 1784.
24. Tait, 439-441.
25. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 11, p. 32, p. 34, p. 37, p. 44.
26. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 18, p. 47.
27. NAS, GD 248/589/1, p. 19.
28. HMC, 10th Report, p. 6.
29. Clark, English Society, p. 112 n.
30. The Oracle: Bell’s New World, 3 June 1789.
31. Lord John Hervey, pp. xxviii–xix; NA, WO 71/85, p. 176.
32. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 8 February 1824 and 11 April 1824.
33. The Connoisseur, 28 November 1754.
34. The Oracle: Bell’s New World, 11 June 1789.
35. Lady Caroline Lamb, I, pp. 199–200, p. 206.
36. Anti-Jacobin, VII (October 1800), p. 144.
37. Clark, English Society, p. 110.
38. Andrew, p. 429, p. 433.
39. Ibid., p. 423.
40. Hall-Witt, p. 224.
41. The General Advertiser, 1 March 1780.
42. Brewer, p. 457, p. 461.
43. Robbins Landon, p. 165.
44. Weber, Did People Listen?, pp. 688–90.
45. Weber, Did People Listen?, p. 690.
46. Art Journal (1849), 3-5.
47. Haydon, V, p. 471.
48. The Greville Diary, II, p. 26.
49. Hansard, 3rd Series, 146, 333–4, 1152.
50. Rhodes James, p. 107.
Chapter 17. We Come for Pheasants: Peers and Poachers
1. Munsche, p. 222.
2. HMC, Stopford-Sackville, II, p. 17.
3. Munsche, p. 63.
4. Archer, ‘Poachers Abroad’, p. 63.
5. Thompson, Whigs and Hunters, pp. 101–2, 110–12.
6. Hay, p. 190.
7. Archer, ‘Poachers’, p. 54; Hansard, 1st Series, 38, 542; Hansard 3rd Series, 47, 939, 956.
8. The Times, 11 March 1844.
9. Hay, p. 239 (e.g. Public Advertiser, 10 June 1758).
10. Munsche, p. 222.
11. King, p. 104–5.
12. Cirket, p. 83.
13. Hansard, 3rd Series, 47, 940.
14. The Times, 4 April 1859.
15. Spectator, I, 413.
16. Correspondence of the Dukes of Richmond and Newcastle, p. 25, p. 241.
17. Hansard, 1st Series, 39, 1086–7.
18. Hansard, 3rd Series, 47, 925.
19. Oerlemans, pp. 71–4.
20. Hansard, 1st Series, 39, 937, 1082–7; The Times, 23 March 1819.
21. The Economist, 11 January 1845.
Chapter 18: A Gang of Ruffians: Americans and Aristocracy
1. Pennsylvania Evening Post, 23 and 28 November 1776.
2. Paine, Common Sense, p. 8, pp. 17–19.
3. Foner, p. 208.
4. Journals of the Continental Congress 1774–1789, V, p. 804.
5. Pennsylvania Evening Post, 11 January 1777.
6. Kramer. p. 230.
7. Maryland Gazette, 29 December 1780.
8. Roeber, p. 29, p. 44.
9. Kay, p. 74, p. 75, p. 104.
10. Foner, p. 195.
11. Marshall, p. 112.
12. Devine, p. 218.
13. Yarborough, pp. 89–95.
14. Calhoun, pp. 140–1, p. 209.
15. HMC, Hastings, I, p. 157, p. 170, p. 179.
16. Documents of the American Revolution 1770–1783, VI, pp. 72–3.
17. Correspondence of Charles First Marquis Cornwallis, I, p. 67, p. 75, p. 78.
18. Conway, pp. 393–4.
19. Wyatt Brown, p. 146.
20. Maryland Gazette, 18 September and 27 November 1780.
21. Evan Davies, pp. 5–13.
22. De Tocqueville, pp. 24, 53.
23. Goodrich, pp. 93–4.
24. Gorgon, 24 April 1819.
25. Shelley, IV, pp. 11–12.
Chapter 19: The Aristocrat to Quell: Peers, Paineites and Patriots 1789–1815
1. Burke, The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke, IV, p. 150–1.
2. Goodrich, pp. 46–9.
3. Paine, The Rights of Man, 62.
4. Hansard, 6th Series, 319, 959–60 and 324, 741; 6th Series (Lords), 559, 26.
5. The Letter Journal of George Canning 1793–1795, p. 59.
6. James, Mutiny, pp. 39–40.
7. Elmsley, p. 96.
8. Royle, pp. 40–1.
9. Goodrich, p. 117.
10. Macleod, A War of Ideas, pp. 84–5.
11. Goodrich, p. 95.
12. Ibid., p. 117.
13. Anti-Jacobin, January 1799, p. 104.
14. Macleod, War of Ideas, 84-85.
15. Davies (ed.), VI, p. 275, p. 282.
16. Royle, p. 33.
17. Aberdeen Chronicle, 30 June and 9 September 1794.
18. True Briton, 16 July 1800.
19. Naval Chronicle, IX (1804), pp. 317–25.
20. The Times, 4 March 1814.
21. NAS, GD 22/1/318, p. 2.
22. For the history of the militia see Cookson, passim.
23. NAS, GD 46/6/43, p. 1.
24. NLS, Sep 313/3270, p. 3171.
25. These incidents are described in J. Prebble, Mutiny (1975).
26. Edinburgh Review, V (October 1804), pp. 5-6, p. 11.
27. Hudson, ‘Volunteer Soldiers in Sussex during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars’, p. 172, p. 173, p. 179.
28. The Times, 25 March 1814.
29. The Times 14 April 1814.
30. James, The Iron Duke, p. 10.
31. Ibid., p. 172, quoting W. P. Woodberry, ‘The Idle Companion of a Young Hussar in the Year 1813’ (National Army Museum).
32. CP, X, p. 580.
33. Edinburgh Review, XXIII (April 1814), pp. 35–7.
Part Three: Decline: 1815–
Chapter 20. Rats: Crisis and Compromise
1. NLS, MS 11,865, p. 58d.
2. NLS, MS 11,981, p. 2d–3.
3. Haydon, IV, p. 15.
4. Shelley, IV, p. 7.
5. NLS, MS 11,980, pp. 2–8.
6. NLS, MS 11,982, pp. 7-8, p. 11.
7. The Economist, 11 January 1845.
8. Hansard, 3rd Series, 11, 110–11; CP, XII, ii, 421.
9. Harling, pp. 100–1.
10. Clark, English Society, p. 399.
11. Jaggard, p. 85, p. 92.
12. Eastwood, passim.
13. Beckett, Aristocracy of England, passim.
14. NLS, MS 11,865, p. 58.
15. Haydon, IV, p. 561, p. 573; Greville Diary, I, p. 348.
16. NLS, MS 11,865, p. 15.
17. Hansard, 3rd Series, 12, 7.
18. Hansard, 3rd Series, 12, 49–50.
19. Hansard, 3rd Series, 13, 25.
20. Haydon, IV, p. 83.
21. Hansard, 3rd Series, 13, 292–3.
22. Clark, English Society, p. 93.
23. NAS, GD 46/6/43, p. 7.
24. NLS, MS 12,338, pp. 117–18; Ms 12,339, p. 44. These files contain many entertaining appeals for patronage and some sad ones.
25. Rowe, p. 88, pp. 91–8.
26. Bromond, passim.
27. The Times, 1, 3 and 6 September 1866.
28. Dod’s Parliamentary Companion for 1859.
29. Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century, p. 48.
Chapter 21. Thoroughbred: Sport and Manliness
1. King’s Counsellor: Abdication and War: The Diaries of Sir Alan Lascelles, pp. 150–1.
2. Apperley, The Chace, The Turf, and the Road, p. 83.
3. Seth-Smith, pp. 147–8.
4. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 18 July 1842.
5. The Diary: or Woodfall’s Register, 18 January 1791.
6. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 2 and 25 November 1855.
7. Egan, I, pp. 3–4, 12-13.
8. Cassidy, p. 3.
9. Ibid., p. 43, p. 116.
10. E.g. HMC, Hastings, I, pp. 366–7.
11. Ashton, pp. 84–5.
12. Ibid., pp. 105–6.
13. Ibid., pp. 139–40; CP, III, p. 415.
14. Connor and Lambourne, p. 54.
15. Apperley, The Chace, p. 71.
16. Ashton, p. 197.
17. Gash, p. 254–5.
18. Bell’s London Life and Sporting Chronicle, 1 July 1855.
19. Ashton, p. 221.
20. The Tatler, 5 July 1911.
21. Gash, p. 257.
22. Apperley, Nimrod’s Hunting Tours, p. 229.
23. Corballis, p. 44, p. 47.
24. Apperley, Nimrod’s Hunting Tours, p. 10.
25. Ibid., pp. 238–9, pp. 323–4.
26. MacKenzie, p. 46.
27. Girouard, The Return to Camelot, Chapter 16.
28. Ibid., pp. 6–7.
29. Ibid., pp. 276–8.
30. Wagg, pp. 33–4.
31. Jarvie and Jackson, p. 29.
Chapter 22. The Surrender of Feudalism to Industry: The Mid-Victorian Peerage 1846–87
1. NLS, Dep 313/769, p. 588.
2. Greville Diary, I, p. 29.
3. Hansard, 3rd Series, 251, 193.
4. Greville Diary, I, p. 39.
5. Gentleman’s Magazine, 3rd Series, XIV, p. 657.
6. Gentleman’s Magazine, 2nd Series, XX, p. 532.
7. Gentleman’s Magazine, 3rd Series, XV, p. 288.
8. Gentleman’s Magazine, 4th Series, II, p. 625–7.
9. Saturday Review, 11 April 1868.
10. Details of Cardigan’s multiple indiscretions can be found in Saul David’s excellent The Homicidal Earl: The Life of Lord Cardigan (1997).
11. Hansard, 3rd Series, 130, 1535.
12. Roberts, Salisbury, p. 834.
13. Ibid., p. 127.
14. Blackwood’s Magazine, 1880, pp. 240–3.
15. The Economist, 25 January 1846.
16. Hansard, 3rd Series, 87, 953–4, 963.
17. Fisher, p. 97.
18. Thompson, English Landed Society, 242-243.
19. Edinburgh Review, CXXIII (1866), p. 186.
20. Cragoe, pp. 37–8.
21. Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, p. 93.
22. Thompson, English Landed Society, p. 257, p. 259, p. 262.
23. Rubenstein, pp. 206–8; Cannadine, Decline and Fall, 91.
24. Roberts, Salisbury, pp. 101–3.
25. Pumphrey, p. 5; The Times, 26 August 1856.
26. BP, Marlborough Letters, IV, pp. 455–6.
27. Roberts, Salisbury, p. 74.
28. Adonis, p. 225.
29. Hansard, 3rd Series, 251, 163, 165 and 255, 1743.
30. Hansard, 3rd Series, 256, 782.
31. Adonis, p. 283.
32. Roberts, Salisbury, p. 259.
33. Rhodes James, p. 117.
34. Ibid., p. 113.
35. Lord Rosebery, pp. 131–2, p. 165.
Chapter 23. Revolvers Prominently Displayed: The Downfall of the Irish Aristocracy
1. Edinburgh Review, CXXIII (1864), p. 197.
2. Curtis Jr., p. 332, p. 359; Vaughan, p. 119.
3. Hamilton, p. 46.
4. Hoppen, p. 115; Curtis Jr., p. 320n.
5. Trench, pp. 53–6, pp. 70–1.
6. Thom’s Official Directory of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for the year 1883, p. 751; Hoppen, p. 109; Vaughan, pp. 3–4, p. 11.
7. ILN, 5 February 1881.
8. Hansard, 4th Series, 16, 1652.
9. BP, Marlborough Letters, IV, 406.
10. Spectator, 15 January 1881.
11. Fleming, p. 11.
12. Spectator, 10 June 1893.
13. Hoppen, p. 414
14. Ibid., pp. 419–20.
15. ILN, 8 January 1881. There is a dramatic engraving of this scene which took place during a rainstorm.
16. Gladstone, p. 542.
17. Ibid., p. 538; Hoppen, 143.
18. The Times, 3, 4, 5 and 11 April 1878; CP, VII, p. 582; Vaughan, pp. 119–20.
19. Pole, p. 395.
20. Clark, ‘Social Composition of the Land League’, p. 457.
21. Vaughan, p. 143.
22. Pole, p. 395.
23. BP, Marlborough Letters, III, p. 405.
24. Curtis Jr., p. 348.
25. Gladstone, p. 541.
26. Spectator, 16 September 1893.
27. Adonis, 131.
28. Hansard, 4th Series, 16, 1621–2.
29. The Times, 1 September 1893.
30. Hansard, 4th Series, 17, 54, 63, 70, 248, 257–8, 434.
31. Hansard, 4th Series, 17, 30, 277–8.
Chapter 24. Like Chaff Before Us: Hanging On 1887–1914
1. Lord Chandos, p. 26.
2. Macleod, The Last Summer, pp. 12–13.
3. The Sphere, 16 August 1919.
4. The Times, 1 September 1893.
5. Blewett, p. 230.
6. Wasson, p. 205.
7. Spectator, 16 September 1893.
8. Adonis, p. 145.
9. Burke, A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry . . . 1913, Introduction, np.
10. The Times, 14 May 1919.
11. Cannadine, Decline and Fall, p. 98.
12. Thompson, English Aristocracy in the Twentieth Century, i, 19.
13. Rhodes James, p. 45.
14. Adonis, p. 245.
15. Country Life, 3 August 1901.
16. BodL, Carrington Diaries, 29 March 1909.
17. Wilson Fox, pp. 81–2; The Times, 14 June 1928.
18. Lord Rosebery, p. 34.
19. ed. Boyce, vii.
20. Roberts, ‘The Holy Fox’, pp. 6–9.
21. Fleming, p. 16.
22. Ibid., p. 19; Hansard, 4th Series, 187, 529.
23. Grigg, p. 174; Masterman, p. 150, p. 211.
24. Quoted in Spectator, 23 September 1893.
25. Adonis, p. 183.
26. Ibid., pp. 189–90, p. 284.
27. Ibid., p. 264.
28. Ibid., pp. 155–6.
29. BodL, Carrington Diaries, 3 August and 29 December 1909.
30. Grigg, p. 174.
31. Ibid., pp. 203–8.
32. Gilmour, pp. 384–5.
33. Thompson, ‘English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century, I (Poverty and Survival)’, p. 7.
34. BodL, Carrington Diaries, 31 January and 3 March 1910.
35. Ibid., 2 March 1910.
36. Masterman, 143.
37. Adonis, p. 267.
38. Grigg, p. 305; BodL, Carrington Diaries, 24 July 1911.
39. The Letters of Arthur Balfour and Lady Elcho 1885–1917, p. 267.
40. BodL, Carrington Diaries, 16 March 1911.
42. National Review, LVII (September 1911–February 1912), p. 25, p. 40.
43. Adonis, p. 272.
44. The Tatler, 5 October 1910, and 2 and 9 August 1911.
45. Thompson, ‘English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century, II (New Poor and New Rich)’, p. 8.
Chapter 25. Dangers and Honours: War, Empire and the Aristocracy
1. Hansard, 3rd Series, 136, 2136.
2. The Marquess of Anglesey, I, p. 172.
3. Hansard, 3rd Series, 137, 1895–6.
4. Lord Charles Beresford, p. xiii.
5. Hansard, 3rd Series, 137, 1206–7.
6. The Economist, 25 January 1845.
7. Beckett, The Army and the Curragh Incident, p. 124.
8. Mawson, passim.
9. Thackeray, p. 421.
10. The Marquess of Anglesey, II, p. 359.
11. Riedi, pp. 246–7.
12. Gibson, p. 190.
13. Bell’s Life in London and Sporting Chronicle, 1 July 1855.
14. Riedi, p. 247.
15. de Crespigny, p. 248.
16. The Times, 20 June 1896.
17. The Times, 10 February 1903.
18. Younghusband, 31.
19. The Despatches, Minutes and Correspondence of the Marquess of Wellesley, V, p. 19.
20. Correspondence of Charles First Marquis Cornwallis, I, pp. 168–9.
21. Kaye, I, p. 288.
22. Cannadine, Ornamentalism, p. 5.
23. Hinderaker, p. 501.
24. James, Raj, p. 164.
25. Tod, I, p. 82.
26. Cannadine, Ornamentalism, p. 73.
27. Ibid., p. 88.
28. Ibid., p. 90.
29. HMC, Bathurst, 460–1, pp. 471–2.
30. Bolton, pp. 320–1.
31. Becket, Curragh Incident, pp. 369–70.
Chapter 26. Always Keep Hold of Nurse: Aristocratic Twilight
1. The Tatler, 7 June 1922.
2. Perrott, p. 260.
3. Lees-Milne, Diaries 1975–1978, p. 175.
4. Burke’s Peerage (1920), Introduction.
5. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, p. 186.
6. The Times, 24 March 2004.
7. Hansard, 6th Series (Lords), p. 90, p. 613.
8. Dorril, p. 157.
9. Ibid., pp. 439–40; Decca: The Letters of Jessica Mitford, p. 3.
10. Dorril, p. 327.
11. Private information.
12. Griffiths, Patriotism Perverted, p. 206.
13. Dorril, p. 494.
14. Roberts, Eminent Churchillians, p. 137, pp. 140–1.
15. Butler and Sloman, p. 198.
16. Hansard, 5th Series, 295, 367, 403, 423, 531.
17. Hansard, 5th Series, 760, 1611.
18. Hansard, 5th Series, 773, 1326.
19. Hansard, 5th Series, 767, 469.
20. Hansard, 5th Series, 773, 1162.
21. Perrott, p. 150.
22. Country Life, 19 April 1984.
23. Cannadine, Decline and Fall, pp. 106–11.
24. Ibid., p. 624.
25. Lees-Milne, Caves of Ice, passim; Midway on the Waves: Diaries 1948–1949, p. 114.
26. CP, V, pp. 780–3.
27. Cannadine, Decline and Fall, pp. 648–9.
28. Richmond, p. xxvi.
29. Country Life, 17 May 1984.
30. Jarvie and Jackson, p. 47.
31. Private information.
32. Financial Times, 4 May 2008.
33. The Times, 3 May 2008.
34. Thompson, ‘English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century, I (Poverty and Survival)’, p. 14.
35. Lord Montagu of Beaulieu, p. 182.
36. Hansard, 5th Series, 466, 760.
37. Montague, 183.
38. Hansard, 6th Series (Lords), 599, 175.
39. Hansard, 6th Series, 760, 337, 741, 768–9, 959–60; Lords, 599, 204.
40. Oborne, p. 207.
41. Lord of the Blog net.
42. www.economist/democracy/2007/British aristocracy overthrown.cfm.